front 1 Monoecious | back 1 having both male and female reproductive parts on the same individual |
front 2 Dioecious | back 2 having male and female reproductive parts on separate indiviuals |
front 3 integument | back 3 protective layer around the ovule; becomes the seed coat |
front 4 pollen grain | back 4 in seed plants starts as a microspore and a gametophyte forms inside |
front 5 pollen tube | back 5 male gamete type travel to the ovule through this (fallopian tube) |
front 6 tracheids | back 6 a type of cell found in xylem; at maturity the cell is dead/hollow allows for movement of water and salts through the roots |
front 7 lignin | back 7 in organic substance that is one of the main components of wood |
front 8 fiber cells | back 8 cells in the xylem that are lignified and offer support |
front 9 parenchyma | back 9 type of ground tissue; unspecialized plant tissue; makes up the bulk of the soft parts of the plant (cortex; pith;mesophyl) |
front 10 sieve tube elements | back 10 cells of the phloem that conduct carbohydrates from leaves to the rest of the plant |
front 11 cambium | back 11 thin layer to meristematic tissue produces phloem on its outer surface xylem on the inner surface and increases the diameter of the stem/trunk |
front 12 vascular bundles | back 12 groups of xylem and phloem cells |
front 13 cork cells | back 13 cells that make up nonliving water resistant tissues bark of the tree |
front 14 cork cambium | back 14 layer of meristamatic tissue that becomes cells that become bark |
front 15 rhizome | back 15 a modified underground stem |
front 16 staminate cones | back 16 male strobili of the gymnosperms; where microsporangia/spore are formed |
front 17 ovuliferous | back 17 females strobili of gymnosperms; contains megasporangia/ megaspores; then the megametaphyte and egg; eventually fertilized embryo |
front 18 megaphylls | back 18 part of the female cone; modified leaves that bear megasporangia |
front 19 micropyle | back 19 small gap in the integument surrounding the ovule; where male gametes enter to fertilize the egg |
front 20 deciduous | back 20 plants that shed leaves at the end of the growing season |
front 21 evergreens | back 21 plants that fully persist throughout the year |
front 22 megasporocyte | back 22 cell that reduces megaspores |
front 23 resin duct | back 23 tube in the stem or leaf lined with cells that secrete resin |
front 24 monoecious vs dioecious | back 24 mono- sex parts on the same tree (evergreens); pollen=sperm and cone=egg dio-sex parts on separate individuals sporophyte-->sporophyll-->sporangia |
front 25 Evolution of Seed and Vascular Tissues | back 25 Seed: composed of female gametophyte and egg cell within; prior to fertilization; embryo w/in seed in nourished by female gametophyte tissues that also serves as protective coat (integument of ovule); composed of 3 different genomes Vascular tissues: (roots) serve two main functions 1)anchoring plant to substrate 2)absorption of water and nutrients from the soil |
front 26 Phylum Cycadophyta | back 26 -dioecious -mega/micro(female/male): sprorophyte; sporophyll; sporangia |
front 27 Phylum Ginkophyta | back 27 -dioecious -distinctive leaf and twig -favor male plants because the fleshy seeds of the female trees tend to rot and small bad when fall |
front 28 Phylum Coniferophyta | back 28 -pine trees; evergreens (cedar; juniper;spruce) -leaves are modified; needles that produce resin -monoecious (both genders same plant) |
front 29 phylum Gnetophyta | back 29 -dioecious -double fertilization: process involves the joining of a female gametophyte (megagametophyte, also called the embryo sac) with two male gametes (sperm) **only gymnosperm phylum to have double fertilization |
front 30 Scientific names of Species studied in Lab | back 30 -Zamia sp. Phylum Cycadophyta -Gingkio sp. Phylum Ginkgophyta -Pinus sp. Phylum Coniferophyta -Ephedra trifurca sp. Phylum Gnetophyta |
front 31 Difference in male and female cones in Phylum Conierophyta Pinus sp. | back 31 male: softer cone; produces pollen(sperm); smaller; deteriorates quickly(2 sperms cells; on fertilizes egg other sperm nucleus is absorbed) female: gametophyte; megasporocyte produces 4 megaspore cells (3 abort/ 1 develops) |
front 32 Succulents | back 32 thick fleshy parts that help store water in dry environments |
front 33 Pollinators | back 33 animals that move pollen from anthers to the stigma of the flower |
front 34 Flowers are comprised of 4 rings (modified leafs) | back 34 -sepals: outer whorl of the flower -petals: colorful; attract pollinators -stamens: contain microsporangia; includes a filament that supports the anther -carpels: contain megasporangia; composed of stigma; style; ovary (contains ovules) -pistil: two of more carpels fused together |
front 35 coevolution | back 35 Example: flowers and pollinators -when two or more species evolve together |
front 36 stigma | back 36 top most part of the pistil where pollen lands and germinates |
front 37 double fertilization | back 37 -pollen first germinates the stigma and produces pollen tube that penetrates(germinates) the style and enters the ovary to fertilize the female gametophyte (egg) |
front 38 synergid (double fertilization) | back 38 A cell of the female gametophyte. There are two and they are located at the micropyle end of the embryo sac and near the egg. These cells help guide the pollen tube. The pollen tube grows towards and into one of these cells, the cell dissolves, the pollen tube stops growing and the sperm is released. |
front 39 polar nuclei (double fertilization) | back 39 A cell of the female gametophyte. There are two. They fuse with one of the male sperm to form 3n (triploid) endosperm (nutritive tissue of the seed). |
front 40 Epidermis | back 40 The outer most layer of the plant, may have. May be covered by the cuticle. |
front 41 Cortex | back 41 The layer of tissue between the epidermis and the endodermis and vascular tissue of the plant. Used in starch storage and in the uptake of water and minerals. |
front 42 Starch Granule | back 42 Glucose is water soluble and cannot be stored easily by plants. The glucose molecules produced during photosynthesis are combined to form this semi-crystalline structure |
front 43 Atactostele | back 43 A type of eustele found in monocots. Vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem. |
front 44 Pith | back 44 Soft spongy tissue in the center of the stem. Parenchyma cells make up this tissue |
front 45 Parenchyma | back 45 A type of ground tissue. These unspecialized cells make up a bulk of the plant biomass including the pith, cortex, and mesophyll |
front 46 Mesophyll | back 46 In dicot leaves the layer of tissue just under the upper epidermis. The cells contain many chloroplasts. These cells are made of chlorenchyma cells (parenchyma cells with chloroplasts). |
front 47 Parts of the flower | back 47 Carpel: Stigma; style ; and ovary Stamen: Anther and filament Petal Ovule Receptacle Sepal |
front 48 Difference between monocot and diocot | back 48 Mono: 1 cotyledon; fibrous roots; Actactostele (complex vascular bundles); parallel veins; floral X3 Dio: 2 cotyledons; taproot roots; Eustele ( vascular bundles in ring); netlike veins; floral X4 or 5 |
front 49 Importance of structures in plant leaves | back 49 structure and function epidermis: waxy cucticle prevents water loss stomata: allows water and gas exchange with the mesophyll; control by guard cell via turgor/pressure parenchyma cells: site of photosynthesis |
front 50 Eudicots Parenchyma cells | back 50 -differentiated into palisade parenchyma:layer of tissue just under the upper epidermis. The cells contain many chloroplasts. These cells are made of chlorenchyma cells (parenchyma cells with chloroplasts) spongy parenchyma: layer of tissue just above the lower epidermis. These cells contain fewer chloroplasts and are less tightly spaced to allow for diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide during respiration and photosynthesis |
front 51 Importance of Storage Structures | back 51 -energy storing molecules (starch) overproduced and stored for limited time resources -typically subterranean -modified root, stem, or leaf tissue |
front 52 Mycelium | back 52 the vegetative part of the fungus made up of many hyphae |
front 53 hyphae | back 53 are threadlike filaments |
front 54 Chytrid | back 54 group of primitive fungi that have flagellated zoospores; and are never filamentous found in aquatic systems often parasitic |
front 55 Saprobic | back 55 describes an organisms that feeds on nonliving or decaying matter secretes digestive enzymes and absorbs and digested material |
front 56 Coenocytic | back 56 containing multiple nuclei in one cell |
front 57 Septate | back 57 having dividers between cells |
front 58 Haustoria | back 58 the appendages (in parasitic fungi) that penetrate the hosts tissue |
front 59 Sporangia (fungi) | back 59 spore producing structures |
front 60 Gametangia (fungi) | back 60 Gametate producing structure |
front 61 Fruiting bodies (fungi) | back 61 a multicellular structure that contains spore-producing structures |
front 62 Plasmogamy | back 62 fusion of the cytoplasm of two of more cells in fungi |
front 63 Karyogamy | back 63 fusion of two cell nuclei in fungi |
front 64 Dikaryon | back 64 having two nuclei in a cell in fungi |
front 65 Heterokaryotic | back 65 having multiple genetic different nuclei in one cell (fungi) |
front 66 Ectomycorrhizae (fungi) | back 66 fungi that for a symbiotic relationship with plants fungus lives outside the roots of the plants |
front 67 Endomycorrhizae (fungi) | back 67 symbiotic relationship with plants fungus lives on the inside of the roots of the plant |
front 68 Zygospore (fungi) | back 68 a thick walled spore that is formed during sexual reproduction |
front 69 Sporangiosphores (fungi) | back 69 stalk that holds a sporangium |
front 70 Ascus | back 70 A sac-shaped structure that produces spores Occurs during sexual reproduction |
front 71 Asocarp | back 71 large fruiting body that contain asci |
front 72 Conidiophores | back 72 branched hypae that bear conidia occurs during asexual reproduction in the Ascomycota |
front 73 Condia | back 73 in the Ascomycota a asexual produce fungal spore |
front 74 Basidium | back 74 A club shaped structure that bears spores occurs during sexual reproduction |
front 75 Basidiocarps | back 75 large fruiting bodies that bear basidia |
front 76 Cell Wall (Fungi) | back 76 Made up of Chitin |
front 77 Characteristics of Fungi | back 77 -decomposers (saprobes) chemoautotrophic -feed by releasing enzymes into the environment and absorbs predigested organic compounds -inhabit all environments -non motile -have no chlorophyl -most are choenocytic and have multiple nuclei within a single cytoplasm (except for yeast) -alteration of generations (haploid dominant) |
front 78 Septate Vs. Aseptate | back 78 Septate: cells divided by cell walls; cell walls perforated Aseptate: no cells walls between cells; multinucleate |
front 79 Lichens and Symbiosis | back 79 -mutualism between cyanobacterium or green algae -benefits of he algae is protected (housed) receive nutrients from the fungus -benefits of fungus: photosynthetic sugars provided from algae Growth forms: crustose (crusty); foliose (foliaged); fruticose (moss) |
front 80 Sexual reproduction in Fungi | back 80 -most fungi reproduce sexually -chitrid fungi: occurs by fusion of motile gametes to form a zygote -other phyla: involves fusion of gametangia (fruiting bodies: releases sexual spores)
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front 81 Difference between 4 Phyla of fungi and characteristics | back 81 Chytridomycota: mostly aquatic; many are parasitic on protists, plants, and animals; flagellated zoospores and gametes Zygomycota: aseptate; sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction ex: bread mold (rhizopus) Ascomycota: sac fungi; septate; sexually reproduced one round of meiosis followed by one round of mitosis; forms spores in asci (sacs) Basidiomycota: club fungi; septate hypea; club shaped; basidiocarp has gills that house the basidia where basidospores are produced; long lived dikaryotic phase (shrooms; toadstools; rusts; shelf fungi; puffballs) |
front 82 Parazoa (animal) | back 82 animals of this group DO NOT HAVE: tissues; organs; symmetry; gastrulation during embryonic development; Phyla Porifera is the only subkingdom |
front 83 Metazoa (animal) | back 83 animals of this group DO HAVE: tissues; organs; symmetry; gastrulation during embryonic developments; includes all animals not in parazoa |
front 84 Diploblastic (animal) | back 84 having two embryological germ layers 1) ectoderm 2)endoderm |
front 85 Radial Symmetry (animal) | back 85 body plane of organism that can be divided into two mirror halves by a plane passing through any angle along the central axis |
front 86 Ectoderm | back 86 outermost tissue layer gives rise to the nervous system |
front 87 Endoderm | back 87 innermost tissue layer gives rise respiratory and digestive systems |
front 88 Triploblastic | back 88 three embryological germ layers 1)endoderm 2)mesoderm 3)ectoderm |
front 89 Bilateral symmetry | back 89 symmetry that can be divided into left and right halves along the central axis include all the triploblastic animals in lab |
front 90 Mesoderm | back 90 middle layer gives rise to connective tissue; muscles/bones; and circulatory system |
front 91 Cephalization | back 91 the concentration of neuro and sensory organs towards the anterior region of the body |
front 92 nerve cord | back 92 a hollow dorsal tract contain nerve tissue |
front 93 incurrent pore | back 93 openings where water enter into the spongeocoel also called: ostium |
front 94 spongeocoel | back 94 in Porifera the central cavity of the sponge |
front 95 excurrent opening | back 95 water exists also called the: osculum |
front 96 choanocyte | back 96 flagellated cells lining the spongeoecoel maintain the flow of water through the sponge and capture food aka: collar cells |
front 97 Amoebocytes | back 97 cells that phagocytize food captured by choanocytes food distributed all over all cells that look like ameobo |
front 98 mesohyl | back 98 the gelatinous matrix between the outermost layer of cells and choanocytes amoebocytes travel in this |
front 99 spicules | back 99 needle like fibers that give structures to the sponge can be made of CaCO3 and silica |
front 100 gastrovascular cavity | back 100 gastro: gut vascular: circulation organ that forms both ^ |
front 101 epidermis | back 101 the outermost layer of tissue develops the ectoderm |
front 102 polyp | back 102 one of the two body planes of Cnidarian sessile attached at foot to substrate hollow cylindrical body |
front 103 medusa | back 103 one of the two body planes of Cnidarian motile=moves dome or umbrella shape typical jellyfish |
front 104 Cnidocytes | back 104 stinging cells in Cnidarian |
front 105 Cnidae | back 105 capsule like organelles that release the nematocyst (venom) |
front 106 nematocyst | back 106 barbed hollow coiled tube in Cnadocytes injects toxin into prey |
front 107 hermaphrodites | back 107 having both female and male reproductive organs |
front 108 gemnules | back 108 cluster of cells made of ameobocytes surrounded by spicules that develops into a new individual asexual reproduction |
front 109 hypostome | back 109 elevated mound of tissue that contains the mouth opening |
front 110 spermatozoa | back 110 mature male gamete (sperm) |
front 111 Gastrodermis | back 111 in Cnidarian the inner layer of the gastrovascular cavity |
front 112 Ova | back 112 the female reproductive cell (egg) |
front 113 Mesoglea | back 113 the gelatinous material that separates inner and outer cell layers |
front 114 proglottids | back 114 the segment of a tapeworm that contains both male and female reproductive organs |
front 115 Scolex | back 115 the head of the tapeworm with specialized hook and suckers that attach the intestinal lining |
front 116 Characteristic of Porifera | back 116 -Aquatic (mostly marine but some are freshwater) -multicellular (but lack true tissues/organs) -cells show division of labor -filter feeders |
front 117 Three body types of sponges | back 117 1) Asconoid: simple/small; the Ostia are open directly to the spongeoceol 2)Syconoid: the intermediate; Ostia open into chambers that open into the spongeoceol 3) Leuconoid: comples; Ostia open into cannals that with multiple chamber that lead to spongeoceol |
front 118 Characteristics of Cnidaria | back 118 -Radial symmetry -true tissue and primitive neural net -Cnidocytes: stinging cells -body structures: polyp and medusa |
front 119 Body Structures of Cnidaria: | back 119 -epidermis: nerve and muscle tissue; contains the cnidocytes -mesoglea: non cellular jelly layer -gastrodermis: ingestion and egestion; secretes digestive enzymes into coelenterons - |
front 120 Reproduction of Cnidaria | back 120 Obelia colony: reproductive polyps and gonangia Hydra: hermaphrodites; reproduces sexually and asexually; Gonozoids -Cnidaria: reproductive organs develop in the lining of the gut |
front 121 Reproduction of Planaria | back 121 reproduce asexually (worms did in lab) regenerates both its anterior and its posterior |
front 122 Characteristics Phylum Platyhelminthes | back 122 -marine, fresh-water, damp soil, or parasitic -Triploblastic -Body: solid tissue; no fluid cavity (acoelomate) -gas and nutrient exchange must be from cell to cell (flat dorsal-ventral surface) |
front 123 -Types of Platyhelminthes | back 123 tapeworms: parasites of vertebrate digestive tracts scolux: head with suckers and hook; attaches to intestine no digestive system proglottids: segments full of reproductive organs flatworms: -free living ex: planaria -eyespot: phototaxis -regeneration: asexually flukes: -Ex: Chlonorchis (snail, fish, human bile-duct) -parasites with vertebrates with intricate life-cycles |
front 124 Characteristics of Mollusks and Annelids | back 124 Protostomes I. Soft-bodied Invertebrates -Bilateria (bilateral symmetry) -Tripoblastic (3 germ layers) -Trochophore: larvae -Cephalization: concentration of neuro and sensory organs towards the anterior region of the body -Segmentation (metamerism) repetition of body units |
front 125 Phylum Molusca | back 125 -most soft-bodied protected by external shell made of CaCO3 -Foot: used for propulsion -Mantale: secretes shell -Radula : a rasping organ covered with chintinous teeth -complete digestive system |
front 126 Phylum Molusca: Class Polyplacophora | back 126 -Chitons -marine -graze algae from rocks ( with large oval foot) -body made of 8 overlapping plates -body dorso-ventrally flattened |
front 127 Phylum Molusca: Class Gastropoda | back 127 (snails & slugs; nudibranches) -marine; f/w; terrestrial -graze on algae and plants -torsion: during development visceral cavity twists so that mantel cavity is positioned above the mouth |
front 128 Phylum Molusca: Class Bivalvia | back 128 (clams; oysters; mussels; scallops) -marine and f/w -laterally compressed body between two valves (shells) -lack: eyes;radula; suspension feeders -gills function in gas exchange and feeding |
front 129 Phylum Molusca: Class Ce phalopoda | back 129 "head foot" (squid; octopuses, and nautiluses) -marine: fast; voracious predators -foot modified as tentacles -move backward; by water jet propulsion -shell absent or reduced to internal cuttlebone (except Natutilus retains outer shell) |
front 130 Plylum Annelida | back 130 -segmented worm -complete digestive system -closed circulatory system -muscle tissue for locomotion develops from mesodermal tissues -well developed nervous system |
front 131 Longitudinal and Circular muscles in Annelids | back 131 Locomotion
-Contraction of the circular muscles
makes the worm thinner, but because liquid is essentially
incompressible the increase in pressure forces the liquid outwards
stretching the worm (becomes longer and thinner) |
front 132 Plylum Annelida: Class Oligochaeta | back 132 -terrestrial and f/w segmented worms -important to decomposition and soil areation (hollow diggings of the worms) -Complete digestive system with functional regions: pharynx; esophagus; crop; intestine -septae: partitions of body wall between segments |
front 133 Annelida: Oligochaeta (earthworms) Reproduction | back 133 -simultaneous hermaphrodites (cross-fertilization) -Fertilization takes place externally -after mating when the eggs are shed through the female gonopore onto a collar of mucus released by the clitellum; passed over opening of seminal receptacles where stored sperm is released onto the eggs -the collar slips off the anterior end (head) of the worm and becomes cocoon for developing embryo -male gonopores (segment 15) sperm exists during mating and stored in seinal receptacles (segments 9&10) |
front 134 Phylum Annelida: Class Polychaeta | back 134 (mostly marine segmented worms) -"many setae" parapodia used in locomotion -each parapodium has setae (bristles) made of chitin -parapodium function as gills in some species -external fertilization Ex: Lugworm and Nereis (clam worm) |
front 135 Plylum Annelida: Class Hirudinea | back 135 (leeches) -f/w and moist terrestrial habitats -blood sucking parasite -feed infrequently; engorge themselves then digest slowly -reduced circulatory system -simultaneous hermaphrodites -develops w/in cocoon |
front 136 Characteristics of Nematodes and Arthropods | back 136 Protostomes II. Animals with Ecdysis -common ancestor that evolved a relatively hardened exoskeleton that does not grow with the organism;has to be shed and regrown periodically |
front 137 Phylum Nematoda | back 137 (roundworms) -most abundant and widespread animals in the world -habitat: aquatic; damp soil; parasitic (plants & animals) -complete digestive tract with mouth and anus -no circulatory system -longitudinal muscles only |
front 138 Symbiotic relationship of Nematodes | back 138 Parasitic worms Ascaris- large intestinal parasite of pigs and humans; males have hook on posterior end Trichinella spiralis- parasite of humans; pigs; and rats; agent that causes trihinosis; get from eating undercook pork Wuchereria- responsible for the human tropical DZ: Elephantiasis others: pinworm; hookworm |
front 139 Phylum Arthropods | back 139 (animals with jointed appendages) -segmented (important to specialize regions) -open circulatory system -metamorphosis |
front 140 Metamorphosis/ molting | back 140 -change in body form that occurs as some arthropods become adults -Ecdysis: simple form; arthropod sheds the cuticle and basically becomes a larger version of the same form ex: grasshopers; crustaceans; millipedes; centipedes -Holometabolus: complex form; go through a pupal stage; ex: formation of a cocoon by a caterpillar that emerges into butterfly (grub-->beetle and maggot-->fly) -H emimetabolous: begin as aquatic nymphs and show ecdysis simple metamorphosis; Ex: damselfies and dragonflies |
front 141 Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Trilobita | back 141 -extinct 250 mya -segmentated -relatively unspecialized appendages |
front 142 Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Chelicerata | back 142 -cephalothorax + abdomen -all appendages attached to cephalothorax -no antenea Class Merostoma: Horseshoe crabs: -heavily armored carapace (protection) -Telson: tail-like appendage -4 additional appendages -Book gills: fan back and forth Class Arachnida: (scorpians; spiders; ticks and mites) -pedipalps: 2nd pair of appendages (sensing/feeding organs) -4 pairs of walking legs Spiders: -fangs for injecting venom -pedicel: where cephalothorax meets abdomen -Spinnerets: produce silk/ webs -Book lungs: spiracles/slits (allow gas exchange through the cuticle) Scorpions: -abdomen more segmented (obvious) -stinger: subdue prey; defense -Spiders: |
front 143 Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Crustacea | back 143 -primarily aquatic (mostly marine) -characterized by jointed appendages -head; thorax; abdomen -many molt through different body stages Ex: copepods; lobster; crabs; shrimp; crayfish; barnecles |
front 144 Phylum Arthropoda: Subphylum Uniramia | back 144 (arthropods with unbranched appendages) -characterized with appendages with ONE branch (enable gripping of walking surfaces) -evolved on land -head; thorax; abdomen -one pair of antenae Class Chilopoda (centipedes) -predators on small inverterbrates -1st pair of legs: fang-like appendages -each segment has one pair of legs Class Diplopoda (millipedes) -harmless decomposers: feed mainly on decaying vegetation -emit foul smelling secretion when feel threatened -each segment has two pairs of legs |