Biology Practical 2 Flashcards

having both male and female reproductive parts on the same individual

having male and female reproductive parts on separate indiviuals

protective layer around the ovule; becomes the seed coat

in seed plants starts as a microspore and a gametophyte forms inside

male gamete type travel to the ovule through this (fallopian tube)

a type of cell found in xylem; at maturity the cell is dead/hollow allows for movement of water and salts through the roots

in organic substance that is one of the main components of wood

cells in the xylem that are lignified and offer support

type of ground tissue; unspecialized plant tissue; makes up the bulk of the soft parts of the plant (cortex; pith;mesophyl)

cells of the phloem that conduct carbohydrates from leaves to the rest of the plant

thin layer to meristematic tissue

produces phloem on its outer surface

xylem on the inner surface

and increases the diameter of the stem/trunk

groups of xylem and phloem cells

cells that make up nonliving water resistant tissues

bark of the tree

layer of meristamatic tissue that becomes cells that become bark

a modified underground stem

male strobili of the gymnosperms; where microsporangia/spore are formed

females strobili of gymnosperms; contains megasporangia/ megaspores; then the megametaphyte and egg; eventually fertilized embryo

part of the female cone; modified leaves that bear megasporangia

small gap in the integument surrounding the ovule; where male gametes enter to fertilize the egg

plants that shed leaves at the end of the growing season

plants that fully persist throughout the year

cell that reduces megaspores

tube in the stem or leaf

lined with cells that secrete resin

mono- sex parts on the same tree (evergreens); pollen=sperm and cone=egg

dio-sex parts on separate individuals sporophyte-->sporophyll-->sporangia

Seed: composed of female gametophyte and egg cell within; prior to fertilization; embryo w/in seed in nourished by female gametophyte tissues that also serves as protective coat (integument of ovule); composed of 3 different genomes

Vascular tissues: (roots) serve two main functions

1)anchoring plant to substrate

2)absorption of water and nutrients from the soil

-dioecious

-mega/micro(female/male): sprorophyte; sporophyll; sporangia

-dioecious

-distinctive leaf and twig

-favor male plants because the fleshy seeds of the female trees tend to rot and small bad when fall

-pine trees; evergreens (cedar; juniper;spruce)

-leaves are modified; needles that produce resin

-monoecious (both genders same plant)

-dioecious

-double fertilization: process involves the joining of a female gametophyte (megagametophyte, also called the embryo sac) with two male gametes (sperm)

**only gymnosperm phylum to have double fertilization

-Zamia sp. Phylum Cycadophyta

-Gingkio sp. Phylum Ginkgophyta

-Pinus sp. Phylum Coniferophyta

-Ephedra trifurca sp. Phylum Gnetophyta

male: softer cone; produces pollen(sperm); smaller; deteriorates quickly(2 sperms cells; on fertilizes egg other sperm nucleus is absorbed)

female: gametophyte; megasporocyte produces 4 megaspore cells (3 abort/ 1 develops)

thick fleshy parts that help store water in dry environments

animals that move pollen from anthers to the stigma of the flower

-sepals: outer whorl of the flower

-petals: colorful; attract pollinators

-stamens: contain microsporangia; includes a filament that supports the anther

-carpels: contain megasporangia; composed of stigma; style; ovary (contains ovules)

-pistil: two of more carpels fused together

Example: flowers and pollinators

-when two or more species evolve together

top most part of the pistil where pollen lands and germinates

-pollen first germinates the stigma and produces pollen tube that penetrates(germinates) the style and enters the ovary to fertilize the female gametophyte (egg)

A cell of the female gametophyte. There are two and they are located at the micropyle end of the embryo sac and near the egg. These cells help guide the pollen tube. The pollen tube grows towards and into one of these cells, the cell dissolves, the pollen tube stops growing and the sperm is released.

A cell of the female gametophyte. There are two. They fuse with one of the male sperm to form 3n (triploid) endosperm (nutritive tissue of the seed).

The outer most layer of the plant, may have. May be covered by the cuticle.

The layer of tissue between the epidermis and the endodermis and vascular tissue of the plant. Used in starch storage and in the uptake of water and minerals.

Glucose is water soluble and cannot be stored easily by plants. The glucose molecules produced during photosynthesis are combined to form this semi-crystalline structure

A type of eustele found in monocots. Vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem.

Soft spongy tissue in the center of the stem. Parenchyma cells make up this tissue

A type of ground tissue. These unspecialized cells make up a bulk of the plant biomass including the pith, cortex, and mesophyll

In dicot leaves the layer of tissue just under the upper epidermis. The cells contain many chloroplasts. These cells are made of chlorenchyma cells (parenchyma cells with chloroplasts).

Carpel: Stigma; style ; and ovary

Stamen: Anther and filament

Petal

Ovule

Receptacle

Sepal

Mono: 1 cotyledon; fibrous roots; Actactostele (complex vascular bundles); parallel veins; floral X3

Dio: 2 cotyledons; taproot roots; Eustele ( vascular bundles in ring); netlike veins; floral X4 or 5

structure and function

epidermis: waxy cucticle prevents water loss

stomata: allows water and gas exchange with the mesophyll; control by guard cell via turgor/pressure

parenchyma cells: site of photosynthesis

-differentiated into

palisade parenchyma:layer of tissue just under the upper epidermis. The cells contain many chloroplasts. These cells are made of chlorenchyma cells (parenchyma cells with chloroplasts)

spongy parenchyma: layer of tissue just above the lower epidermis. These cells contain fewer chloroplasts and are less tightly spaced to allow for diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide during respiration and photosynthesis

-energy storing molecules (starch) overproduced and stored for limited time resources

-typically subterranean

-modified root, stem, or leaf tissue

the vegetative part of the fungus made up of many hyphae

are threadlike filaments

group of primitive fungi that have flagellated zoospores; and are never filamentous

found in aquatic systems

often parasitic

describes an organisms that feeds on nonliving or decaying matter

secretes digestive enzymes and absorbs and digested material

containing multiple nuclei in one cell

having dividers between cells

the appendages (in parasitic fungi) that penetrate the hosts tissue

spore producing structures

Gametate producing structure

a multicellular structure that contains spore-producing structures

fusion of the cytoplasm of two of more cells in fungi

fusion of two cell nuclei in fungi

having two nuclei in a cell in fungi

having multiple genetic different nuclei in one cell (fungi)

fungi that for a symbiotic relationship with plants

fungus lives outside the roots of the plants

symbiotic relationship with plants

fungus lives on the inside of the roots of the plant

a thick walled spore that is formed during sexual reproduction

stalk that holds a sporangium

A sac-shaped structure that produces spores

Occurs during sexual reproduction

large fruiting body that contain asci

branched hypae that bear conidia

occurs during asexual reproduction in the Ascomycota

in the Ascomycota a asexual produce fungal spore

A club shaped structure that bears spores

occurs during sexual reproduction

large fruiting bodies that bear basidia

Made up of Chitin

-decomposers (saprobes) chemoautotrophic

-feed by releasing enzymes into the environment and absorbs predigested organic compounds

-inhabit all environments

-non motile

-have no chlorophyl

-most are choenocytic and have multiple nuclei within a single cytoplasm (except for yeast)

-alteration of generations (haploid dominant)

Septate: cells divided by cell walls; cell walls perforated

Aseptate: no cells walls between cells; multinucleate

-mutualism between cyanobacterium or green algae

-benefits of he algae is protected (housed) receive nutrients from the fungus

-benefits of fungus: photosynthetic sugars provided from algae

Growth forms: crustose (crusty); foliose (foliaged); fruticose (moss)

-most fungi reproduce sexually

-chitrid fungi: occurs by fusion of motile gametes to form a zygote

-other phyla: involves fusion of gametangia (fruiting bodies: releases sexual spores)

• Zygomycota (zygote fungi)
• Ascomycota (sac fungi)
• Basidiomycota (club-shaped fungi)

Chytridomycota: mostly aquatic; many are parasitic on protists, plants, and animals; flagellated zoospores and gametes

Zygomycota: aseptate; sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction ex: bread mold (rhizopus)

Ascomycota: sac fungi; septate; sexually reproduced one round of meiosis followed by one round of mitosis; forms spores in asci (sacs)

Basidiomycota: club fungi; septate hypea; club shaped; basidiocarp has gills that house the basidia where basidospores are produced; long lived dikaryotic phase (shrooms; toadstools; rusts; shelf fungi; puffballs)

animals of this group DO NOT HAVE: tissues; organs; symmetry; gastrulation during embryonic development; Phyla Porifera is the only subkingdom

animals of this group DO HAVE: tissues; organs; symmetry; gastrulation during embryonic developments; includes all animals not in parazoa

having two embryological germ layers

1) ectoderm

2)endoderm

body plane of organism that can be divided into two mirror halves by a plane passing through any angle along the central axis

outermost tissue layer

gives rise to the nervous system

innermost tissue layer

gives rise respiratory and digestive systems

three embryological germ layers

1)endoderm

2)mesoderm

3)ectoderm

symmetry that can be divided into left and right halves along the central axis

include all the triploblastic animals in lab

middle layer

gives rise to connective tissue; muscles/bones; and circulatory system

the concentration of neuro and sensory organs towards the anterior region of the body

a hollow dorsal tract contain nerve tissue

openings where water enter into the spongeocoel also called: ostium

in Porifera the central cavity of the sponge

water exists

also called the: osculum

flagellated cells lining the spongeoecoel

maintain the flow of water through the sponge and capture food

aka: collar cells

cells that phagocytize food captured by choanocytes

food distributed all over

all cells that look like ameobo

the gelatinous matrix between the outermost layer of cells and choanocytes

amoebocytes travel in this

needle like fibers that give structures to the sponge

can be made of CaCO3 and silica

gastro: gut

vascular: circulation

organ that forms both ^

the outermost layer of tissue

develops the ectoderm

one of the two body planes of Cnidarian

sessile attached at foot to substrate

hollow cylindrical body

one of the two body planes of Cnidarian

motile=moves

dome or umbrella shape

typical jellyfish

stinging cells in Cnidarian

capsule like organelles that release the nematocyst (venom)

barbed hollow coiled tube in Cnadocytes

injects toxin into prey

having both female and male reproductive organs

cluster of cells made of ameobocytes

surrounded by spicules that develops into a new individual

asexual reproduction

elevated mound of tissue that contains the mouth opening

mature male gamete (sperm)

in Cnidarian the inner layer of the gastrovascular cavity

the female reproductive cell (egg)

the gelatinous material that separates inner and outer cell layers

the segment of a tapeworm that contains both male and female reproductive organs

the head of the tapeworm with specialized hook and suckers that attach the intestinal lining

-Aquatic (mostly marine but some are freshwater)

-multicellular (but lack true tissues/organs)

-cells show division of labor

-filter feeders

1) Asconoid: simple/small; the Ostia are open directly to the spongeoceol

2)Syconoid: the intermediate; Ostia open into chambers that open into the spongeoceol

3) Leuconoid: comples; Ostia open into cannals that with multiple chamber that lead to spongeoceol

-Radial symmetry

-true tissue and primitive neural net

-Cnidocytes: stinging cells

-body structures: polyp and medusa

-epidermis: nerve and muscle tissue; contains the cnidocytes

-mesoglea: non cellular jelly layer

-gastrodermis: ingestion and egestion; secretes digestive enzymes into coelenterons

-

Obelia colony: reproductive polyps and gonangia

Hydra: hermaphrodites; reproduces sexually and asexually; Gonozoids

-Cnidaria: reproductive organs develop in the lining of the gut

reproduce asexually (worms did in lab)

regenerates both its anterior and its posterior

-marine, fresh-water, damp soil, or parasitic

-Triploblastic

-Body: solid tissue; no fluid cavity (acoelomate)

-gas and nutrient exchange must be from cell to cell (flat dorsal-ventral surface)

tapeworms:

parasites of vertebrate digestive tracts

scolux: head with suckers and hook; attaches to intestine

no digestive system

proglottids: segments full of reproductive organs

flatworms:

-free living ex: planaria

-eyespot: phototaxis

-regeneration: asexually

flukes:

-Ex: Chlonorchis (snail, fish, human bile-duct)

-parasites with vertebrates with intricate life-cycles

Protostomes I. Soft-bodied Invertebrates

-Bilateria (bilateral symmetry)

-Tripoblastic (3 germ layers)

-Trochophore: larvae

-Cephalization: concentration of neuro and sensory organs towards the anterior region of the body

-Segmentation (metamerism) repetition of body units

-most soft-bodied protected by external shell made of CaCO3

-Foot: used for propulsion

-Mantale: secretes shell

-Radula : a rasping organ covered with chintinous teeth

-complete digestive system

-Chitons

-marine

-graze algae from rocks ( with large oval foot)

-body made of 8 overlapping plates

-body dorso-ventrally flattened

(snails & slugs; nudibranches)

-marine; f/w; terrestrial

-graze on algae and plants

-torsion: during development visceral cavity twists so that mantel cavity is positioned above the mouth

(clams; oysters; mussels; scallops)

-marine and f/w

-laterally compressed body between two valves (shells)

-lack: eyes;radula; suspension feeders

-gills function in gas exchange and feeding

"head foot"

(squid; octopuses, and nautiluses)

-marine: fast; voracious predators

-foot modified as tentacles

-move backward; by water jet propulsion

-shell absent or reduced to internal cuttlebone (except Natutilus retains outer shell)

-segmented worm

-complete digestive system

-closed circulatory system

-muscle tissue for locomotion develops from mesodermal tissues

-well developed nervous system

Locomotion

-Contraction of the circular muscles makes the worm thinner, but because liquid is essentially incompressible the increase in pressure forces the liquid outwards stretching the worm (becomes longer and thinner)

-Contraction of the longitudinal fibers shortens the worm, pushed the coelom liquid out to the sides; making the worm fatter

-terrestrial and f/w segmented worms

-important to decomposition and soil areation (hollow diggings of the worms)

-Complete digestive system with functional regions: pharynx; esophagus; crop; intestine

-septae: partitions of body wall between segments

-simultaneous hermaphrodites (cross-fertilization)

-Fertilization takes place externally

-after mating when the eggs are shed through the female gonopore onto a collar of mucus released by the clitellum; passed over opening of seminal receptacles where stored sperm is released onto the eggs

-the collar slips off the anterior end (head) of the worm and becomes cocoon for developing embryo

-male gonopores (segment 15) sperm exists during mating and stored in seinal receptacles (segments 9&10)

(mostly marine segmented worms)

-"many setae" parapodia used in locomotion

-each parapodium has setae (bristles) made of chitin

-parapodium function as gills in some species

-external fertilization

Ex: Lugworm and Nereis (clam worm)

(leeches)

-f/w and moist terrestrial habitats

-blood sucking parasite

-feed infrequently; engorge themselves then digest slowly

-reduced circulatory system

-simultaneous hermaphrodites

-develops w/in cocoon

Protostomes II. Animals with Ecdysis

-common ancestor that evolved a relatively hardened exoskeleton that does not grow with the organism;has to be shed and regrown periodically

(roundworms)

-most abundant and widespread animals in the world

-habitat: aquatic; damp soil; parasitic (plants & animals)

-complete digestive tract with mouth and anus

-no circulatory system

-longitudinal muscles only

Parasitic worms

Ascaris- large intestinal parasite of pigs and humans; males have hook on posterior end

Trichinella spiralis- parasite of humans; pigs; and rats; agent that causes trihinosis; get from eating undercook pork

Wuchereria- responsible for the human tropical DZ: Elephantiasis

others: pinworm; hookworm

(animals with jointed appendages)

-segmented (important to specialize regions)

-open circulatory system

-metamorphosis

-change in body form that occurs as some arthropods become adults

-Ecdysis: simple form; arthropod sheds the cuticle and basically becomes a larger version of the same form ex: grasshopers; crustaceans; millipedes; centipedes

-Holometabolus: complex form; go through a pupal stage; ex: formation of a cocoon by a caterpillar that emerges into butterfly (grub-->beetle and maggot-->fly)

-H emimetabolous: begin as aquatic nymphs and show ecdysis simple metamorphosis; Ex: damselfies and dragonflies

-extinct 250 mya

-segmentated

-relatively unspecialized appendages

-cephalothorax + abdomen

-all appendages attached to cephalothorax

-no antenea

Class Merostoma: Horseshoe crabs:

-heavily armored carapace (protection)

-Telson: tail-like appendage

-4 additional appendages

-Book gills: fan back and forth

Class Arachnida: (scorpians; spiders; ticks and mites)

-pedipalps: 2nd pair of appendages (sensing/feeding organs)

-4 pairs of walking legs

Spiders:

-fangs for injecting venom

-pedicel: where cephalothorax meets abdomen

-Spinnerets: produce silk/ webs

-Book lungs: spiracles/slits (allow gas exchange through the cuticle)

Scorpions:

-abdomen more segmented (obvious)

-stinger: subdue prey; defense

-Spiders:

-primarily aquatic (mostly marine)

-characterized by jointed appendages

-head; thorax; abdomen

-many molt through different body stages

Ex: copepods; lobster; crabs; shrimp; crayfish; barnecles

(arthropods with unbranched appendages)

-characterized with appendages with ONE branch (enable gripping of walking surfaces)

-evolved on land

-head; thorax; abdomen

-one pair of antenae

Class Chilopoda (centipedes)

-predators on small inverterbrates

-1st pair of legs: fang-like appendages

-each segment has one pair of legs

Class Diplopoda (millipedes)

-harmless decomposers: feed mainly on decaying vegetation

-emit foul smelling secretion when feel threatened

-each segment has two pairs of legs