front 1 Which of the following are classified as pyrimidines? | back 1 thymine and cytosine |
front 2 What type of bond is formed between the hydroxyl group of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of an adjacent nucleotide, forming the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA? | back 2 phosphodiester bond |
front 3 What types of bonds are formed between complementary DNA bases? | back 3 hydrogen bonds |
front 4 Based on the following replication bubble, which of these statements is true? | back 4 W and Y are leading strands, X and Z are lagging strands |
front 5 In E. coli, replication begins at which chromosome site? | back 5 oriC |
front 6 What is the DNA replication fork? | back 6 It is the site where the DNA helix opens to two single DNA strands. |
front 7 Okazaki fragments form on the lagging strand during DNA replication. | back 7 True |
front 8 DNA replication in eukaryotes | back 8 initiates at multiple origins |
front 9 DNA replication proceeds | back 9 semiconservatively |
front 10 DNA replication occurs by adding | back 10 dNTPs to the 3′ end of the daughter strand |
front 11 What are two distinguishing features of RNA? | back 11 RNA has a ribose sugar and uracil nitrogenous base. |
front 12 What is the role of a promoter region of a gene? | back 12 Recruit transcription factors that form the initiation complex. |
front 13 Which region(s) of a gene are not found within the mRNA transcript? | back 13 promoter and termination region |
front 14 you want to design a drug that prevents transcription of eukaryotic mRNAs but does not affect transcription of other RNAs. What enzyme would you target? | back 14 RNA polymerase II |
front 15 Which of the following is part of a DNA molecule? | back 15 Promoter |
front 16 Which enzyme is required to initiate 5′ capping of eukaryotic mRNA transcripts by removing the terminal phosphate group? | back 16 guanylyl transferase |
front 17 Which of the following bacterial RNA polymerase subunits is found in the holoenzyme, but not the core enzyme? | back 17 σ (sigma) |
front 18 What is the general name for the components of the spliceosome, which removes introns from mRNAs? | back 18 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins snRNA |
front 19 What are catalytically active RNAs that can activate processes such as self-splicing? | back 19 ribozymes |
front 20 What is the purpose of alternative splicing in eukaryotic cells? | back 20 Produce multiple polypeptide sequences from a single primary transcript. |
front 21 Frederick Griffith studied how Pneumococcus causes fatal pneumonia in mice, focusing on the role of the capsule in the virulence of the bacteria. He found that heat-killed S bacteria somehow donated a molecule that was incorporated into living RII bacteria, which were converted from R to S capsules. He concluded that the basis of heredity was what? | back 21 a transforming factor |
front 22 The antibiotic rifamycin is known to inhibit DNA polymerases in bacteria. What effect would this drug have on the structure of DNA? | back 22 It would be unable to form phosphodiester bonds between the 3′ hydroxyl group of one nucleotide and the 5′ phosphate group of an adjacent nucleotide. |
front 23 How does base stacking contribute to the structure of DNA? | back 23 Nucleotide base pairs are spaced 3.4 Å apart, creating a twist to the double helix and two grooves within the backbone. |
front 24 If Meselson and Stahl had used CsCl gradient analysis and identified DNA molecules with two distinct densities after generation 1, which model of DNA replication would have been supported by these data? | back 24 conservative |
front 25 After how many replication generations were Meselson and Stahl able to distinguish semiconservative replication and dispersive replication. | back 25 2 |
front 26 Using pulse-chase labeling, Huberman and Riggs provided the first experimental evidence of bidirectional replication. What results would have supported the hypothesis that plasmid replication was actually unidirectional? | back 26 Alternating light and dark tracks in one direction from the replication origin |
front 27 Which of the following is true regarding the Hershey Chase experiment? | back 27 The tagged phosphorus was present in the infected E.coli proving DNA is genetic information. |
front 28 If a DNA sequence is made up of 30% Thymine, what percent of the DNA should be Cytosine? | back 28 20 |
front 29 If a DNA Sequence is 40% Guanine, what percent of the DNA sequence is Uracil? | back 29 0 (DNA does not have uracil) |
front 30 Base pairs are covalently bonded together, adding structure to the DNA helix | back 30 false |
front 31 What is a major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication? | back 31 DNA replication in prokaryotes is bidirectional from one origin of replication, whereas eukaryotic replication is bidirectional from multiple origins of replication on each chromosome. |
front 32 In E. coli, what is the function of the DnaB enzyme? | back 32 DnaB is a helicase protein that uses ATP energy to hydrolyze hydrogen bonds, which separates the DNA strands and unwinds the double helix. |
front 33 DNA polymerase III initiates strand elongation by adding a new nucleotide to the 3′ end of a short primer sequence. Where does this short primer come from? | back 33 RNA polymerase |
front 34 During DNA replication, one daughter strand has a 5′-to-3′ direction of elongation that runs opposite to the direction of movement of the replication fork. These daughter strands are elongated discontinuously, in short segments called Okazaki fragments. Which enzyme is involved in annealing these fragments together, once the RNA primers have been removed and replaced with DNA, to form a continuous, newly replicated strand? | back 34 DNA ligase |
front 35 For the DNA strands of a circular chromosome, unwinding creates torsional stress that accumulates as the unwound region gets larger and as DNA replication progresses. The accumulating stress could break the molecule at random locations, potentially leading to a breakdown of DNA replication. How does the cell prevent this stress? | back 35 Through the action of topoisomerases, which catalyze a controlled cleavage and rejoining of DNA, thus enabling over-twisted strands to unwind |
front 36 DNA polymerase I has a 5′-to-3′ polymerase activity, as well as both 5′-to-3′ and 3′-to-5′ exonuclease activities. Suppose a cell has acquired a mutation that eliminates only the 5′-to-3′ exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase I. What would be the effect on DNA replication? | back 36 RNA primers required for initiation of replication cannot be removed by DNA polymerase I. |
front 37 Which of the following is the main function of DNA polymerase III | back 37 Main replication enzyme |
front 38 Which of the following is NOT true regarding the formation of telomeres? | back 38 They are formed from a DNA template added by telomerase |
front 39 Prokaryotic DNA does not replicate semiconservatively | back 39 false |
front 40 DNA Polymerase requires a primer | back 40 true |
front 41 If you were to design an antibiotic, which of these molecular features of transcription/translation would you NOT want to target? (Hint: you would want to target bacteria) | back 41 transcription factors |
front 42 Which type of RNA is translated in a cell | back 42 mRNA |
front 43 What are the only types of functional RNA observed in prokaryotes? | back 43 tRNA and rRNA |
front 44 Which type of RNA regulates protein production through RNA interference | back 44 miRNA |
front 45 How does RNA polymerase use DNA to synthesize an mRNA strand during transcription? | back 45 The polymerase uses one strand of DNA as the template strand to assemble a complementary, antiparallel strand of ribonucleotides. |
front 46 Which DNA segment controls the access of RNA polymerase to the gene? | back 46 promoter |
front 47 In bacteria, what structure triggers intrinsic termination of transcription? | back 47 Inverted repeats and a string of adenines |
front 48 In eukaryotes, which enzyme is responsible for transcribing messenger RNAs that encode polypeptides, as well as for most small nuclear RNA genes? | back 48 RNA Polymerase II |
front 49 The TATA box is an important conserved sequence within a gene. What is its primary function? | back 49 The TATA box acts as a highly conserved sequence within the eukaryotic promoter, which is located just upstream of the transcriptional start site. |
front 50 Cancer cells often make their own transcription factors (TFs), which accounts for their increased growth rate. What effect would you expect to see when TF levels are increased in a cell? | back 50 Transcription would increase. |
front 51 Which DNA sequence binds activator proteins and associated coactivator proteins to form a protein "bridge" that bends the DNA and links the complete initiation complex at the promoter to the activator-coactivator complex, ultimately causing an increase in transcription? | back 51 enhancer |
front 52 Pre-mRNA must undergo 5′ capping to increase stability of the transcript. What two steps occur during 5′ capping? | back 52 Addition of guanine to the transcript and subsequent methylation |
front 53 Introns are removed from mRNA by the spliceosome, a complex made up of protein and what type of RNA? | back 53 snRNAs |
front 54 In posttranscriptional processing in Eukaryotes, the poly-A tail is encoded in the actual gene code | back 54 false |
front 55 In prokaryotic intrinsic termination, the poly A tail is encoded by the gene code | back 55 true |
front 56 Which of the following statements is false? | back 56 DNA always determines the final mature mRNA nucleotide sequence. |
front 57 know how to code template strands? | back 57 kkk |
front 58 What is this consensus sequence called? | back 58 Pribnow Box |
front 59 Is this DNA prokaryotic or eukaryotic? | back 59 Prokaryotic |
front 60 Where is it located relative to the start of transcription? | back 60 10 Nucleotides upstream |
front 61 Which strand is the template strand? | back 61 5'-3' |
front 62 Which of the following is true regarding sigma subunits? | back 62 They bind to prokaryotic RNA polymerase to initiate transcription |
front 63 Producing multiple proteins from one gene is a direct result of: | back 63 alternative splicing |
front 64 Which of the following RNA sequences could form a hairpin loop? | back 64 AAAAAAAAUUUUUUUU |
front 65 RNA polymerase will attach to the TATA box after it has been signaled to by the sigma subunit | back 65 false |
front 66 Which would most likely effect the formation of a lariat? | back 66 Mutations in the branch point |