front 1 Chromatid | back 1 The other half of the chromosome. There are sister chromatids that are joined by the centromere after replication. |
front 2 Chromosome | back 2 The Chromosome is a package of DNA with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. |
front 3 Nucleosome | back 3 A section of DNA that is wrapped around a core of proteins. A nucleosome is the basic structural unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes |
front 4 Histones | back 4 A type of protein found in chromosomes. Histones bind to DNA, help give chromosomes their shape, and help control the activity of genes. |
front 5 Homologous Chromosomes | back 5 Two chromosomes in a pair – normally one inherited from the mother and one from the father |
front 6 Phenotype | back 6 The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. |
front 7 Genotype | back 7 the genetic constitution of an individual organism |
front 8 euchromatin | back 8 Euchromatin is a lightly packed form of chromatin that is enriched in genes and is often under active transcription. |
front 9 Exogenous | back 9 An exogenous variable in molecular biology is a variable that originates outside the cells of an organism and affects how cells function. |
front 10 endogenous | back 10 An endogenous variable is a variable that originates inside the cells of an organism and affects how cells function. |
front 11 Independent Assortment | back 11 The random orientation of homologous chromosome pairs during metaphase I allows for the production of gametes with many different assortments of homologous chromosomes. |
front 12 Continuous Trait | back 12 Traits that are not necessarily either one option or the other (red or black) but can consists of many different variants along a continuous spectrum, such as height or the weight of an organism. |
front 13 Discrete trait | back 13 A distinguishable trait in the population. Phenotype that manifests as clear and separable differences in a population |
front 14 Heritability | back 14 A portion of the variation in the phenotype is due to variation in the genotype. |
front 15 Gene pool | back 15 Total sum of all alleles of all breeding members of the population at a given time |
front 16 Population Genetics | back 16 Causes and consequences of genetic variation within a species. |
front 17 Autosomal | back 17 On a chromosome which is not a sex-chromosome. |
front 18 Autosomal Dominant | back 18 Affected parents, traits appear in every generation. affected fathers pass trait to both daughters and sons. |
front 19 Autosomal Recessive | back 19 Affect individuals will have unaffected parents. Rare recessive traits tend to be sparsely distributed in pedigrees, inbreeding increases the likelihood. |
front 20 X-linked Recessive | back 20 All male carriers are affected, and female offspring of the affected males are carriers, male offspring of the affected males are not carriers, affected mothers will have affected sons. |
front 21 Gene | back 21 A gene is a fundamental unit of inheritance in living organisms |
front 22 Nucleotides | back 22 Building blocks of DNA. They consist of 1. A nitrogenous base 2. Pentose sugar 3. Phosphate group |
front 23 Two kinds of nitrogenous bases | back 23 Pyrimidine Nucleotides T and C Purine Nucleotides A and G |
front 24 DNA Polymerase | back 24 Catalyzes DNA synthesis and bonds nucleosides into nucleotides |
front 25 VIVO | back 25 In vivo" means research done on a living organism |
front 26 VITRO | back 26 In vitro" means research done in a laboratory dish or test tube |
front 27 DNA Primase | back 27 Replication on the lagging strand begins with the addition of an RNA primer by the enzyme primase |
front 28 DNA Helicase | back 28 DNA helicase is an enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases |
front 29 Heterochromatin | back 29 It is a constituent of eukaryotic genomes with functions spanning from gene expression silencing to constraining DNA replication and repair. They lack genes. |
front 30 Euchromatin | back 30 Euchromatin is a lightly packed form of chromatin that is enriched in genes, and is often under active transcription. |
front 31 Telomere | back 31 A region of repetitive DNA sequences at the end of a chromosome. Telomeres protect the ends of chromosomes from becoming frayed or tangled. Maintain integrity of the chromosome |
front 32 Centromere | back 32 Is involved in chromosomes movement. The centromere appears as a constricted region of a chromosome and plays a key role in helping the cell divide up its DNA during division (mitosis and meiosis |
front 33 Evolutionarily conserved | back 33 A gene that has remained essentially unchanged throughout evolution. |
front 34 Transcription | back 34 the process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA. This RNA copy is called messenger RNA. It comes before translation and occurs in the nucleus |
front 35 Translation | back 35 the process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in messenger RNA (mRNA). It is after transcription and occurs in the cytoplasm. |
front 36 Chromatin remodeling | back 36 When chromatin is uncoiled in Eukaryotic transcription for RNA polymerase and other regulatory proteins to access the DNA. |
front 37 RNA polymerase | back 37 Binds to the DNA and separates the DNA strands. RNA polymerase uses one strand of the DNA as a template, which then leads to mRNA strand. |
front 38 Frederick Griffith's transformation experiment showed that. | back 38 A chemical component of cells could introduce a |
front 39 What would be the complementary DNA | back 39 5’ – CATACGC – 3’ |
front 40 The Hershey and Chase (1952) experiment offered evidence in support of DNA being the genetic material in bacteriophages. Why was the pellet radioactive in the centrifuge tube that contained bacteria with viruses? | back 40 the bacteria were in the pellet and many contained the
radioactive |
front 41 Between 1949 and 1953, Erwin Chargaff and his colleagues used
quantitative methods to determine the amount of the four bases in
a | back 41 A= 20%, T=20% |
front 42 What would be the complementary DNA | back 42 5’-TCGCTA-3’ |
front 43 The DNA molecule is replicated semiconservatively, which means that each DNA strand is replicated autonomously. Which term(s) accurately reflect(s) the nature of replication of the chromosome in E. coli? | back 43 Bidirectional and fixed point of initiation |
front 44 Which portion of chromatin is | back 44 Euchromatin |
front 45 Which one is correct? 1. acetylation of lysines on histones correlates with regions where genes are active (are transcribed) 2. acetylation of lysines on histones correlates with regions where genes are not active (are not transcribed). | back 45 1. acetylation of lysines on histones correlates with regions where genes are active (are transcribed) |
front 46 The sigma subunit of bacteria RNA | back 46 binds to a bacterial gene's promoter |
front 47 Eukaryotic RNA polymerase binds DNA 1. on its own 2. Needs other help factors | back 47 Needs other help factors such as transcription activators and repressors |
front 48 What is joined together during splicing? | back 48 Exons are joined together. |
front 49 Put the gene elements in the right order. A. Translation initiation site | back 49 H-F-A-G-C-I-B-D-E |
front 50 Which of the following categories of | back 50 Somatic |
front 51 Sickle Cell Anemia is an Autosomal | back 51 Both copies of the gene must be mutated for a |
front 52 The genes that are part of an operon | back 52 are all clustered in the same region in the genome |
front 53 The lac operon is optimally expressed | back 53 in the presence of lactose and the absence of glucose |
front 54 A mutation in the Operator region of the lac | back 54 constitutive expression of lac operon, whether or not lactose
was |
front 55 When tryptophan is abundant | back 55 the trp operon is NOT transcribed |
front 56 Which of the following is a characteristic | back 56 They result in different versions of a gene within the population |
front 57 Which term would be applied to a regulatory condition that occurs when a protein greatly reduces transcription when associated with a particular section of DNA? | back 57 Negative Control |
front 58 RNA interference | back 58 Inhibits gene expression at the stage of translation |
front 59 What are the P granules? | back 59 RNA/protein condensates present only in the |
front 60 In the polymerase chain reaction, the | back 60 to allow DNA polymerase to synthesize the DNA |
front 61 Which form of gene regulation acts at | back 61 chromatin remodeling |
front 62 In the GAL system in yeast, when | back 62 GAL80p induce a conformational change exposing |
front 63 RNA interference is a useful tool to: | back 63 discover or validate gene functions. A quick way of engineering
specific |
front 64 miRNA are involved in | back 64 mRNA Translational repression |
front 65 Which of the following has the | back 65 Maternal-effect genes |
front 66 The hallmarks of many cancer cells | back 66 1. failure to undergo apoptosis |