Chromatid

The other half of the chromosome. There are sister chromatids that are joined by the centromere after replication.

Chromosome

The Chromosome is a package of DNA with part or all of the genetic material of an organism.

Nucleosome

A section of DNA that is wrapped around a core of proteins. A nucleosome is the basic structural unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes

Histones

A type of protein found in chromosomes. Histones bind to DNA, help give chromosomes their shape, and help control the activity of genes.

Homologous Chromosomes

Two chromosomes in a pair – normally one inherited from the mother and one from the father

Phenotype

The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

Genotype

the genetic constitution of an individual organism

euchromatin

Euchromatin is a lightly packed form of chromatin that is enriched in genes and is often under active transcription.

Exogenous

An exogenous variable in molecular biology is a variable that originates outside the cells of an organism and affects how cells function.

endogenous

An endogenous variable is a variable that originates inside the cells of an organism and affects how cells function.

Independent Assortment

The random orientation of homologous chromosome pairs during metaphase I allows for the production of gametes with many different assortments of homologous chromosomes.

Continuous Trait

Traits that are not necessarily either one option or the other (red or black) but can consists of many different variants along a continuous spectrum, such as height or the weight of an organism.

Discrete trait

A distinguishable trait in the population. Phenotype that manifests as clear and separable differences in a population

Heritability

A portion of the variation in the phenotype is due to variation in the genotype.

Gene pool

Total sum of all alleles of all breeding members of the population at a given time

Population Genetics

Causes and consequences of genetic variation within a species.

Autosomal

On a chromosome which is not a sex-chromosome.

Autosomal Dominant

Affected parents, traits appear in every generation. affected fathers pass trait to both daughters and sons.

Autosomal Recessive

Affect individuals will have unaffected parents. Rare recessive traits tend to be sparsely distributed in pedigrees, inbreeding increases the likelihood.

X-linked Recessive

All male carriers are affected, and female offspring of the affected males are carriers, male offspring of the affected males are not carriers, affected mothers will have affected sons.

Gene

A gene is a fundamental unit of inheritance in living organisms

Nucleotides

Building blocks of DNA. They consist of

1. A nitrogenous base 2. Pentose sugar 3. Phosphate group

Two kinds of nitrogenous bases

Pyrimidine Nucleotides T and C

Purine Nucleotides A and G

DNA Polymerase

Catalyzes DNA synthesis and bonds nucleosides into nucleotides

VIVO

In vivo" means research done on a living organism

VITRO

In vitro" means research done in a laboratory dish or test tube

DNA Primase

Replication on the lagging strand begins with the addition of an RNA primer by the enzyme primase

DNA Helicase

DNA helicase is an enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases

Heterochromatin

It is a constituent of eukaryotic genomes with functions spanning from gene expression silencing to constraining DNA replication and repair. They lack genes.

Euchromatin

Euchromatin is a lightly packed form of chromatin that is enriched in genes, and is often under active transcription.

Telomere

A region of repetitive DNA sequences at the end of a chromosome. Telomeres protect the ends of chromosomes from becoming frayed or tangled. Maintain integrity of the chromosome

Centromere

Is involved in chromosomes movement. The centromere appears as a constricted region of a chromosome and plays a key role in helping the cell divide up its DNA during division (mitosis and meiosis

Evolutionarily conserved

A gene that has remained essentially unchanged throughout evolution.

Transcription

the process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA. This RNA copy is called messenger RNA. It comes before translation and occurs in the nucleus

Translation

the process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in messenger RNA (mRNA). It is after transcription and occurs in the cytoplasm.

Chromatin remodeling

When chromatin is uncoiled in Eukaryotic transcription for RNA polymerase and other regulatory proteins to access the DNA.

RNA polymerase

Binds to the DNA and separates the DNA strands. RNA polymerase uses one strand of the DNA as a template, which then leads to mRNA strand.

Frederick Griffith's transformation experiment showed that.

A chemical component of cells could introduce a
new, heritable trait of a cell

What would be the complementary DNA
strand for the following DNA sequence?
5’ – GCGTATG – 3’

5’ – CATACGC – 3’

The Hershey and Chase (1952) experiment offered evidence in support of DNA being the genetic material in bacteriophages. Why was the pellet radioactive in the centrifuge tube that contained bacteria with viruses?

the bacteria were in the pellet and many contained the radioactive
viral DNA

Between 1949 and 1953, Erwin Chargaff and his colleagues used quantitative methods to determine the amount of the four bases in a
double-stranded DNA molecule. If the GC content of a DNA molecule is 60%, what are the molar percentages of adenosine and thymidine?

A= 20%, T=20%

What would be the complementary DNA
strand for the following DNA
sequence? 5’-TAGCGA-3’

5’-TCGCTA-3’

The DNA molecule is replicated semiconservatively, which means that each DNA strand is replicated autonomously. Which term(s) accurately reflect(s) the nature of replication of the chromosome in E. coli?

Bidirectional and fixed point of initiation

Which portion of chromatin is
transcriptionally active?

Euchromatin

Which one is correct?

1. acetylation of lysines on histones correlates with regions where genes are active (are transcribed)

2. acetylation of lysines on histones correlates with regions where genes are not active (are not transcribed).

1. acetylation of lysines on histones correlates with regions where genes are active (are transcribed)

The sigma subunit of bacteria RNA
polymerase.

binds to a bacterial gene's promoter

Eukaryotic RNA polymerase binds DNA

1. on its own

2. Needs other help factors

Needs other help factors such as transcription activators and repressors

What is joined together during splicing?

Exons are joined together.

Put the gene elements in the right order.

A. Translation initiation site
B. Translation termination site
C. Intron
D. 3’Untranslated Region (3’UTR)
E. Polyadenylation signal element (PAS)
F. 5’Untranslated Region (5’UTR)
G. Exon 1
H. Promoter
I. Exon 2

H-F-A-G-C-I-B-D-E

Which of the following categories of
mutations are not possible to pass to
offspring

Somatic

Sickle Cell Anemia is an Autosomal
Recessive Genetic Disorder Because

Both copies of the gene must be mutated for a
person to be affected

The genes that are part of an operon

are all clustered in the same region in the genome

The lac operon is optimally expressed

in the presence of lactose and the absence of glucose

A mutation in the Operator region of the lac
operon would most likely result in_?

constitutive expression of lac operon, whether or not lactose was
present, as the repressor cannot bind

When tryptophan is abundant

the trp operon is NOT transcribed

Which of the following is a characteristic
of mutations in DNA

They result in different versions of a gene within the population

Which term would be applied to a regulatory condition that occurs when a protein greatly reduces transcription when associated with a particular section of DNA?

Negative Control

RNA interference

Inhibits gene expression at the stage of translation

What are the P granules?

RNA/protein condensates present only in the
germline of Caenorhabditis elegans

In the polymerase chain reaction, the
purpose of the step in which the
temperature is between 70ºC and 75ºC is

to allow DNA polymerase to synthesize the DNA

Which form of gene regulation acts at
pre-transcriptional level?

chromatin remodeling

In the GAL system in yeast, when
Galactose is present

GAL80p induce a conformational change exposing
the GAL4p activation domain

RNA interference is a useful tool to:

discover or validate gene functions. A quick way of engineering specific
reduction in expression of chosen genes

miRNA are involved in

mRNA Translational repression

Which of the following has the
earliest influence on development?

Maternal-effect genes

The hallmarks of many cancer cells
include

1. failure to undergo apoptosis
2. genomic instability
3. the inability to control cell division
4. reduced ability to repair DNA damage