BIO 340 Vocab Flashcards

The other half of the chromosome. There are sister chromatids that are joined by the centromere after replication.

The Chromosome is a package of DNA with part or all of the genetic material of an organism.

A section of DNA that is wrapped around a core of proteins. A nucleosome is the basic structural unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes

A type of protein found in chromosomes. Histones bind to DNA, help give chromosomes their shape, and help control the activity of genes.

Two chromosomes in a pair – normally one inherited from the mother and one from the father

The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

the genetic constitution of an individual organism

Euchromatin is a lightly packed form of chromatin that is enriched in genes and is often under active transcription.

An exogenous variable in molecular biology is a variable that originates outside the cells of an organism and affects how cells function.

An endogenous variable is a variable that originates inside the cells of an organism and affects how cells function.

The random orientation of homologous chromosome pairs during metaphase I allows for the production of gametes with many different assortments of homologous chromosomes.

Traits that are not necessarily either one option or the other (red or black) but can consists of many different variants along a continuous spectrum, such as height or the weight of an organism.

A distinguishable trait in the population. Phenotype that manifests as clear and separable differences in a population

A portion of the variation in the phenotype is due to variation in the genotype.

Total sum of all alleles of all breeding members of the population at a given time

Causes and consequences of genetic variation within a species.

On a chromosome which is not a sex-chromosome.

Affected parents, traits appear in every generation. affected fathers pass trait to both daughters and sons.

Affect individuals will have unaffected parents. Rare recessive traits tend to be sparsely distributed in pedigrees, inbreeding increases the likelihood.

All male carriers are affected, and female offspring of the affected males are carriers, male offspring of the affected males are not carriers, affected mothers will have affected sons.

A gene is a fundamental unit of inheritance in living organisms

Building blocks of DNA. They consist of

1. A nitrogenous base 2. Pentose sugar 3. Phosphate group

Pyrimidine Nucleotides T and C

Purine Nucleotides A and G

Catalyzes DNA synthesis and bonds nucleosides into nucleotides

In vivo" means research done on a living organism

In vitro" means research done in a laboratory dish or test tube

Replication on the lagging strand begins with the addition of an RNA primer by the enzyme primase

DNA helicase is an enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases

It is a constituent of eukaryotic genomes with functions spanning from gene expression silencing to constraining DNA replication and repair. They lack genes.

Euchromatin is a lightly packed form of chromatin that is enriched in genes, and is often under active transcription.

A region of repetitive DNA sequences at the end of a chromosome. Telomeres protect the ends of chromosomes from becoming frayed or tangled. Maintain integrity of the chromosome

Is involved in chromosomes movement. The centromere appears as a constricted region of a chromosome and plays a key role in helping the cell divide up its DNA during division (mitosis and meiosis

A gene that has remained essentially unchanged throughout evolution.

the process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA. This RNA copy is called messenger RNA. It comes before translation and occurs in the nucleus

the process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in messenger RNA (mRNA). It is after transcription and occurs in the cytoplasm.

When chromatin is uncoiled in Eukaryotic transcription for RNA polymerase and other regulatory proteins to access the DNA.

Binds to the DNA and separates the DNA strands. RNA polymerase uses one strand of the DNA as a template, which then leads to mRNA strand.

A chemical component of cells could introduce a
new, heritable trait of a cell

5’ – CATACGC – 3’

the bacteria were in the pellet and many contained the radioactive
viral DNA

A= 20%, T=20%

5’-TCGCTA-3’

Bidirectional and fixed point of initiation

Euchromatin

1. acetylation of lysines on histones correlates with regions where genes are active (are transcribed)

binds to a bacterial gene's promoter

Needs other help factors such as transcription activators and repressors

Exons are joined together.

H-F-A-G-C-I-B-D-E

Somatic

Both copies of the gene must be mutated for a
person to be affected

are all clustered in the same region in the genome

in the presence of lactose and the absence of glucose

constitutive expression of lac operon, whether or not lactose was
present, as the repressor cannot bind

the trp operon is NOT transcribed

They result in different versions of a gene within the population

Negative Control

Inhibits gene expression at the stage of translation

RNA/protein condensates present only in the
germline of Caenorhabditis elegans

to allow DNA polymerase to synthesize the DNA

chromatin remodeling

GAL80p induce a conformational change exposing
the GAL4p activation domain

discover or validate gene functions. A quick way of engineering specific
reduction in expression of chosen genes

mRNA Translational repression

Maternal-effect genes

1. failure to undergo apoptosis
2. genomic instability
3. the inability to control cell division
4. reduced ability to repair DNA damage