Human Anatomy & Physiology 2
Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?
insulin
cortisol
epinephrine
cortisol
What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones?
phosphorylation of intracellular proteins
activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell
increasing protein kinases
activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell
After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?
acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene
activates a protein kinase
directly alters protein synthesis at the ribosome
phosphorylates a protein
acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene
Which hormone’s receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty?
cortisol
insulin
thyroid hormone
thyroid hormone
What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor?
Receptors can’t enter the nucleus until the hormone is bound to it.
transcription factors
chaperone proteins (chaperonins)
chaperone proteins (chaperonins)
What type of hormones bind to receptors located on the cell membrane?
lipid-soluble hormones, such as thyroid hormones and cortisol
water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine
water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine
Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone?
protein kinase C
phospholipase C
phosphodiesterase
adenylate cyclase
phosphodiesterase
Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor?
G proteins
tyrosine kinase receptors
intracellular receptors
tyrosine kinase receptors
Which is the correct order of events for hormones activating Gs proteins?
activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP
activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of phospholipase C, activation of DAG and IP3
activation of a G protein, tyrosine kinase receptor, phosphorylation of intracellular proteins
activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP
Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum?
IP3
cAMP
tyrosine kinase
DAG
IP3
Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels?
β receptors
α2 receptors
α1 receptors
β receptors
What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?
growth hormone (GH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?
control secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
control secretion of oxytocin
control secretion of thyroid hormones
control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?
GH (growth hormone)
thyroid hormones
oxytocin
prolactin (PRL)
GH (growth hormone)
Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine (“letdown”) reflex?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
cortisol
oxytocin
oxytocin
Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized?
hypothalamus
kidney
posterior pituitary
anterior pituitary
hypothalamus
What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
a circadian rhythm of release
negative feedback
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
negative feedback
Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?
cortisol
ADH (vasopressin)
aldosterone
epinephrine
epinephrine
In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?
decreased or difficulty breathing
decreased insulin secretion
decreased cardiac output
decreased sweating
decreased insulin secretion
Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma?
cool, dry skin
heart palpitations
low blood glucose
slow heart rate
heart palpitations
Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a “moon face.”
Cushing’s disease
pheochromocytoma
Addison’s disease
Cushing’s disease
What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?
angiotensin II
cortisol
ADH (vasopressin)
aldosterone
ADH (vasopressin)
Complete the sentences..
When blood glucose levels are high...
The pancreas releases insulin.
The pancreas releases glucagon.
The liver releases glucagon.
The liver releases insulin.
The pancreas releases insulin.
A liver cell responds to insulin by...
Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.
Releasing glucagon.
Taking in glucose and converting it to glucagon.
Releasing insulin.
Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen
What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?
Intestinal cells.
Liver cells.
Liver cells and cells in the pancreas.
Muscle cells.
Liver cells.
Body cells that respond to insulin include...
Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.
Liver cells and muscle cells only.
Muscle cells only.
Liver cells only.
Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.
When blood glucose levels are low...
The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.
The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.
The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease.
The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.
The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called?
positive feedback.
negative feedback.
homeostasis.
None of the above.
homeostasis.
The hypothalamus is known to control the activity of the anterior pituitary, which has traditionally been called the "master endocrine gland."
True
Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?
the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis
a change in membrane potential
an increase in enzymatic activity
direct control of the nervous system
direct control of the nervous system
Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________.
the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit
peptide hormones are converted by cell membranes enzymes into second messengers
hormones alter cellular operations through direct stimulation of a gene
G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone?
epinephrine
cortisone
estrogen
aldosterone
epinephrine
What is the target organ of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)?
A. Hypothalamus
B. Anterior pituitary
C. Thyroid gland
D. Target cells
B. Anterior pituitary
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________.
hepatic portal system
feedback loop
general circulatory system
hypophyseal portal system
hypophyseal portal system
A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.
The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH.
A hormone made in the adenohypophysis cannot influence fertility.
FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males.
FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
What cells release parathyroid hormone?
oxyphil cells
follicular cells
parathyroid cells
parafollicular cells
parathyroid cells
What does dark red blood indicate?
oxygen-rich blood
saltiness of blood
oxygen-poor blood
pH of blood
oxygen-poor blood
Which part of the hemoglobin molecule binds carbon dioxide for transport?
heme group
amino acids of globin
spectrin
iron
amino acids of globin
What is a young, anucleate erythrocyte called?
polychromatic erythroblas
themopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast)
proerythroblast
reticulocyte
reticulocyte
What part of the hemoglobin molecule is recycled to form bile?
ferritin
iron
globin
a portion of the heme group
a portion of the heme group
What erythrocyte production disorder results from an autoimmune disease associated with vitamin B12 absorption?
aplastic anemia
hemorrhagic anemia
pernicious anemia
renal anemia
pernicious anemia
What role do the kidneys play in erythropoiesis?
The kidneys make new red blood cells.
The kidneys detect low levels of oxygen in the blood.
The kidneys store iron for the production of red blood cells.
The kidneys absorb iron from food.
The kidneys detect low levels of oxygen in the blood.
Which cell of the myeloid stem cell pathway has accumulated granules?
myelocytes
promyelocytes
monocytes
myeloblasts
myelocytes
From which cell do the granulocytes descend?
monoblast
lymphoid stem cell
myeloblast
promonocyte
myeloblast
Which formed element can be described as cytoplasmic fragments?
monocytes
platelets
lymphocytes
erythrocytes
platelets
Which of the following statements does not describe blood?
Blood pH is normally between 7.35 and 7.45.
Blood is denser and more viscous than water.
Blood varies from bright red to a dark red color.
Blood carries body cells to injured areas for repair.
Blood carries body cells to injured areas for repair
The plasma protein that is the major contributor to osmotic pressure is ________.
fibrinogen
alpha globulin
gamma globulin
albumin
albumin
Which of the following is NOT a formed element of the blood?
platelets
antibodies
leukocytes
erythrocytes
antibodies
Choose the statement that is true concerning hemoglobin.
It is found in the plasma portion of blood.
It can bind a maximum of three oxygen molecules.
When hemoglobin is not bound to oxygen, it appears blue.
It is composed of four protein chains and four heme groups.
It is composed of four protein chains and four heme groups.
An abnormal excess of erythrocytes is called __________.
thalassemia
leukocytosis
polycythemia
sickle-cell anemia
polycythemia
Platelet formation is regulated by __________.
erythropoietin
plasmin
thrombopoietin
interleukin-2
thrombopoietin
Erythrocytes lack a nucleus.
True
All leukocytes are also lymphocytes.
False
No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in ________.
eosinophils
monocytes
neutrophils
basophils
monocytes
The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps?
one pump
two pumps
three pumps
two pumps
Which chamber receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae?
right ventricle
left atrium
right atrium
left ventricle
right atrium
Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins?
left atrium
right atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle
left atrium
Which heart chamber pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk?
right ventricle
left ventricle
right atrium
left atrium
right ventricle
Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit?
left ventricle
left atrium
right atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle
What separates the parietal and visceral pericardium?
myocardium
epicardium
pericardial cavity
fibrous pericardium
pericardial cavity