Which of the following best describes an artery?

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have _____.

a closed circulatory system

In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?

frogs

The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the _____

fishes

Circulatory systems compensate for _____.

the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances

In an open circulatory system, blood is _____.

not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems

Blood returns to the heart via the _____.

pulmonary veins

From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the _____.

left atrium

From the superior vena cava, blood flows to the _____.

right atrium

From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____.

inferior vena cava

What is the function of a circulatory system?

It brings a transport liquid into close contact with all cells in the body.

Why do the circulatory systems of land vertebrates have separate circuits to the lungs and to the rest of the body?

The large decrease in blood pressure as blood moves through the lungs may prevent efficient circulation through the rest of the body.

True or false? The circulatory systems of land-dwelling vertebrates are composed of two pumping circuits: the systemic circulation, which is a lower-pressure circuit to the lung, and the pulmonary circulation, which is a higher-pressure circuit to the rest of the body.

False

What is the function of the left ventricle?

It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circulation.

Which of the following statements about blood circulation in the body is true?

Valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and ventricles.

Which event occurs first during diastole?

The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria.

Which event of the cardiac cycle occurs when systolic blood pressure is measured?

The ventricles contract, carrying blood into the aorta, and blood flows into the relaxed atria.

Which statement about human blood vessels is correct?

Pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals?

vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle pulmonary artery

You cut your finger, and after putting pressure on the wound for several minutes, you notice that it is still bleeding profusely. What may be the problem?

Platelets are not functioning properly, or there are too few to be effective

Voice sounds are produced by the _____.

larynx

The primary functions of the _____ are to warm, filter, and humidify air.

nasal cavity

The smallest airway through which inspired air passes before gas exchange occurs in the mammalian lungs is the _____.

bronchiole

Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize _____.

diffusion

During most daily activities, the human respiration rate is most closely linked to the blood levels of _____.

carbon dioxide

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the

left atrium

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?

rising CO₂

One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is

the number of circuits for circulation

Why does the velocity of blood slow greatly as blood flows from arterioles into capillaries?

Because capillary beds have a total cross-sectional area much greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arterioles.

How are gases transported in insect bodies?

in tracheal systems

Strokes occurs when _____.

a blood clot enters the cerebral circulation, blocking an artery and causing the death of brain tissue

Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with _____.

increased activity of the immune system

Which of the following conditions would most likely be due to high blood pressure in a mammal?

bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds

Atria contract _____.

during systole

A species that has a normal resting systolic blood pressure of greater than 260 mm Hg is likely to be _____.

an animal that has a very long distance between its heart and its brain