What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules?

catabolic pathways

Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction?

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O2 → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Energy

C₆H₁₂O₆ is oxidized and O₂ is reduced.

When a molecule of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a proton), the molecule becomes

reduced.

The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by

substrate-level phosphorylation

Why are carbohydrates and fats considered high-energy foods?

They have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen.

Starting with one molecule of glucose, the energy-containing products of glycolysis are

2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP.

The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to

act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water.

Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion?

inner membrane

In prokaryotes, the respiratory electron transport chain is located

in the plasma membrane.

Which of the following normally occurs regardless of whether or not oxygen (O2) is present?

glycolysis

A human cell containing 22 autosomes and a Y chromosome is

a sperm

For a species with a haploid number of 23 chromosomes, how many different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes are possible for the gametes?

about 8 million

Homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of a dividing cell during

meiosis I.

How does the sexual life cycle increase the genetic variation in a species?

by allowing crossing over

Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of

the random and independent way in which each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I.

Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that

sister chromatids separate during anaphase

Refer to the drawings in Figure 13.2 of a single pair of homologous chromosomes as they might appear during various stages of either mitosis or meiosis, and answer the following questions.

V only

Which of these statements is false?

At sexual maturity, ovaries and testes produce diploid gametes by meiosis

Which of the following defines a genome?

the complete set of an organism's genes

Which of the following occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis?

synapsis of chromosomes

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?

Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, whereas respiration releases it

Which of the following statements is a correct distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO₂ and other nutrients that are inorganic

Which statement describes the functioning of photosystem II?

The electron vacancies in P680⁺ are filled by electrons derived from water

Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle?

ATP and NADPH

Where are the molecules of the electron transport chain found in plant cells?

thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts

What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle?

synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide

In the process of carbon fixation, RuBP attaches a CO₂ to produce a six-carbon molecule, which is then split to produce two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate. After phosphorylation and reduction produces glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P), what more needs to happen to complete the Calvin cycle?

regeneration of RuBP

A plant has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. What wavelengths of visible light are being absorbed by this pigment?

blue and violet

Photoautotrophs

produce organic molecules from inorganic molecules.

________ cells in leaves are specialized for photosynthesis

mesophyll