What is the most immediate driving force behind pulmonary ventilation?

Intrapulmonary Pressure Change

The larynx contains ___.

The thyroid cartilage

As bicarbonate ions in the plasma

Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?

A) rising blood pressure

B) rising carbon dioxide levels

C) arterial Po₂ below 60 mm Hg

D) acidosis resulting from CO₂ retention

A) rising blood pressure

Calculate the transpulmonary pressure if atmospheric pressure is 755 mmHg

-1 mm Hg

Inspiratory capacity is ________.

the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration

The main site of gas exchange is the ________.

Alveoli

Gas Exchange: Steps in O2 Transport

1. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries

2. Oxygen enters a red blood cell

3. Oxygen binds to a molecule of hemoglobin

4. Oxygen is carried through blood vessels to a capillary

5. Oxygen diffuses from the blood to the body's tissues.

Which of the following respiratory rates illustrates eupnea for an average, healthy adult at rest?

15 breaths per minute

Which muscles are activated during normal quiet inspiration?

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

Which of the following stimuli is the most powerful respiratory stimulant to increase respiration?

Rising carbon dioxide levels

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

Partial pressure gradient

The adenoids normally destroy pathogens because they contain ______.

lymphocytes

Which of the following is not possible?

A) The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli.

B) Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance.

C) Resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow.

D) Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.

D) Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.

Gas Exchange: Carbon Dioxide Transport

1. Carbon Dioxide is released from the mitochondria

2. Carbon Dioxide diffuses into a capillary

3. Carbon Dioxide is carried to the lungs

4. Carbon Dioxide diffuses into an alveolus

5. Air exits through the nose or mouth

Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.

A) A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation.

B) As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.

C) Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension.

D) A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation.

B) As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________.

voluntary cortical control

Which of the following determines lung compliance?

A) muscles of inspiration

B) flexibility of the thoracic cage

C) airway opening

D) Alveolar Surface Tension

D) Alveolar Surface Tension

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________.

Boyle's Law

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.

Diffusion

During the Valsalva's maneuver, what part of the larynx closes to increase intra-abdominal pressure, such as to help with defecation?

Glottis

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.

ciliated mucous lining in the nose

Which of the following conditions or scenarios increases the respiratory rate?

Acidosis

The indentation on the medial surface of each lung through which pulmonary and systemic blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and leave is called the ___________.

Hilum

During pleurisy, the inflamed parietal pleura of one lung rubs against the inflamed ______.

visceral pleura of the same lung

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nasal conchae?

A) filtering, heating, and moistening incoming air during inhalation

B) increasing the mucosal surface area exposed to air

C) reclaiming heat and moisture from expired air

D) Routing air and food into proper channels

D) Routing air and food into proper channels

Which of the following respiratory structures is more commonly known as the "throat"?

Pharynx

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.

Increase of carbon dioxide

Functional Residual Capactiy

ERV + RV

Vital Capacity

TV + IRV + ERV

Inspiratory Capacity

TV + IRV

Total Lung Capacity

TV + IRV + ERV + RV

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.

interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

What is the tidal volume of an average adult male?

500 mL

Which blood vessels supply oxygenated systemic blood to the lung tissue?

bronchial arteries

Which of the following would NOT be involved in causing bronchiolar constriction during an asthma attack?

A) acetylcholine

B) central nervous system

C) peripheral nervous system

D) adrenal medulla

D) adrenal medulla

Which of the following arterial blood levels is the most powerful respiratory stimulant?

A) low CO₂ level

B) rising CO₂ levels

C) low oxygen level

D) arterial pH

B) rising CO₂ levels

Which of the following is NOT a function of the larynx?

A) providing a patent airway

B) serving as part of the respiratory zone

C) voice production

D) routing air and food into the proper channels

B) serving as part of the respiratory zone

What part of the larynx covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing to keep food out of the lower respiratory passages?

A) epiglottis

B) vocal folds

C) glottis

D) thyroid cartilage

A) epiglottis

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.

Inspiratory Reserve

Which cartilage belonging to the larynx anchors the vocal cords?

Arytenoid Cartilages

The smallest subdivisions of the lung visible with the naked eye are the __________, which appear to be connected by black carbon in smokers.

Lobules

In which region are the palatine tonsils found?

Oropharynx

Which form of CO₂ transport accounts for the least amount of CO₂ transported in blood?

Dissolved in Plasma

What is the amount of air that can be exhaled with the greatest possible exhalation after the deepest inhalation called?

vital capacity

Which of the following is the primary factor in oxygen attachment to, or release from, hemoglobin?

A) temperature

B) blood pH

C) partial pressure of oxygen

D) partial pressure of carbon dioxide

C) partial pressure of oxygen

Which of the following initiates inspiration?

A) ventral respiratory group (VRG)

B) dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

C) diencephalon

D) pontine respiratory centers

A) ventral respiratory group (VRG)

For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________.

0.5 to 1 micrometer thick

Hypocapnia causes ______.

Hypoxia

Which of the following gives the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas?

A) Henry's law

B) Haldane effect

C) Dalton's law of partial pressures

D) Boyle's law

D) Boyle's law

Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood:

A) Increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen-carrying capacity.

B) During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning to the lungs carries one molecule of O2.

C) During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently.

D) A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.

D) A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.

Why is a patient with tuberculosis often noncompliant with treatment?

Due to the time length of treatment, the pt may stop taking the medication when they start to feel better

In babies born prematurely, pulmonary surfactant may not be present in adequate amounts ______.

due to insufficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells

T/F: The alveoli are also known as alveolar sacs.

False

Patients with rhinitis often have "watery eyes" because ______.

the infection has caused inflammation of the nasolacrimal ducts

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________.

force with which air rushes across the vocal folds

Which of the following represents all of the processes involved in respiration in the correct order?

A) pulmonary ventilation; external ventilation; internal ventilation; transport of respiratory gases

B) external respiration; internal respiration; transport of respiratory gases

C) pulmonary respiration; external ventilation; transport of respiratory gases; internal ventilation

D) pulmonary ventilation; external respiration; transport of respiratory gases; internal respiration

D) pulmonary ventilation; external respiration; transport of respiratory gases; internal respiration

Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura?

A) helps divide the thoracic cavity into three chambers

B) allows the lungs to inflate and deflate without friction

C) helps limit the spread of local infections

D) aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs

D) aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs

Gas Exchange: Path of Air

1. Air enters through the nose or mouth

2. Air travels down the trachea and then enters the bronchi

3. Air travels down smaller and smaller bronchioles

4. Air reaches small sacs called alveoli

The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________.

concetration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes

Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse?

A) intrapleural pressure

B) atmospheric pressure

C) intrapulmonary pressure

D) transpulmonary pressure

A) intrapleural pressure

Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing, but eventually equalizes with the atmospheric pressure?

A) atmospheric pressure

B) intrapleural pressure

C) intrapulmonary pressure

D) transpulmonary pressure

C) intrapulmonary pressure

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?

A) compliance and transpulmonary pressures

B) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures

C) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

D) compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

C) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.

Vital Capacity

Since mucus-producing cells and cilia are sparse in the bronchioles and alveoli, how does the body remove microorganisms that make their way into the respiratory zone?

alveolar macrophages crawl freely along internal alveolar surfaces

What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli?

simple squamous epithelium

Which parts of the respiratory system function as the main sites of gas exchange?

Alveoli

The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________.

Ventilation-perfusion coupling