Chapter 22: The Respiratory System Flashcards

What is the most immediate driving force behind pulmonary ventilation?

The larynx contains ___.

Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?

A) rising blood pressure

B) rising carbon dioxide levels

C) arterial Po₂ below 60 mm Hg

D) acidosis resulting from CO₂ retention

Calculate the transpulmonary pressure if atmospheric pressure is 755 mmHg

Inspiratory capacity is ________.

The main site of gas exchange is the ________.

Gas Exchange: Steps in O2 Transport

Which of the following respiratory rates illustrates eupnea for an average, healthy adult at rest?

Which muscles are activated during normal quiet inspiration?

Which of the following stimuli is the most powerful respiratory stimulant to increase respiration?

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

The adenoids normally destroy pathogens because they contain ______.

Which of the following is not possible?

A) The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli.

B) Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance.

C) Resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow.

D) Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.

Gas Exchange: Carbon Dioxide Transport

Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.

A) A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation.

B) As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.

C) Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension.

D) A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation.

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________.

Which of the following determines lung compliance?

A) muscles of inspiration

B) flexibility of the thoracic cage

C) airway opening

D) Alveolar Surface Tension

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.

During the Valsalva's maneuver, what part of the larynx closes to increase intra-abdominal pressure, such as to help with defecation?

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.

Which of the following conditions or scenarios increases the respiratory rate?

The indentation on the medial surface of each lung through which pulmonary and systemic blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and leave is called the ___________.

During pleurisy, the inflamed parietal pleura of one lung rubs against the inflamed ______.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nasal conchae?

A) filtering, heating, and moistening incoming air during inhalation

B) increasing the mucosal surface area exposed to air

C) reclaiming heat and moisture from expired air

D) Routing air and food into proper channels

Which of the following respiratory structures is more commonly known as the "throat"?

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.

Functional Residual Capactiy

Vital Capacity

Inspiratory Capacity

Total Lung Capacity

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.

What is the tidal volume of an average adult male?

Which blood vessels supply oxygenated systemic blood to the lung tissue?

Which of the following would NOT be involved in causing bronchiolar constriction during an asthma attack?

A) acetylcholine

B) central nervous system

C) peripheral nervous system

D) adrenal medulla

Which of the following arterial blood levels is the most powerful respiratory stimulant?

A) low CO₂ level

B) rising CO₂ levels

C) low oxygen level

D) arterial pH

Which of the following is NOT a function of the larynx?

A) providing a patent airway

B) serving as part of the respiratory zone

C) voice production

D) routing air and food into the proper channels

What part of the larynx covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing to keep food out of the lower respiratory passages?

A) epiglottis

B) vocal folds

C) glottis

D) thyroid cartilage

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.

Which cartilage belonging to the larynx anchors the vocal cords?

The smallest subdivisions of the lung visible with the naked eye are the __________, which appear to be connected by black carbon in smokers.

In which region are the palatine tonsils found?

Which form of CO₂ transport accounts for the least amount of CO₂ transported in blood?

What is the amount of air that can be exhaled with the greatest possible exhalation after the deepest inhalation called?

Which of the following is the primary factor in oxygen attachment to, or release from, hemoglobin?

A) temperature

B) blood pH

C) partial pressure of oxygen

D) partial pressure of carbon dioxide

Which of the following initiates inspiration?

A) ventral respiratory group (VRG)

B) dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

C) diencephalon

D) pontine respiratory centers

For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________.

Hypocapnia causes ______.

Which of the following gives the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas?

A) Henry's law

B) Haldane effect

C) Dalton's law of partial pressures

D) Boyle's law

Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood:

A) Increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen-carrying capacity.

B) During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning to the lungs carries one molecule of O2.

C) During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently.

D) A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.

Why is a patient with tuberculosis often noncompliant with treatment?

In babies born prematurely, pulmonary surfactant may not be present in adequate amounts ______.

T/F: The alveoli are also known as alveolar sacs.

Patients with rhinitis often have "watery eyes" because ______.

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?

The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________.

Which of the following represents all of the processes involved in respiration in the correct order?

A) pulmonary ventilation; external ventilation; internal ventilation; transport of respiratory gases

B) external respiration; internal respiration; transport of respiratory gases

C) pulmonary respiration; external ventilation; transport of respiratory gases; internal ventilation

D) pulmonary ventilation; external respiration; transport of respiratory gases; internal respiration

Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura?

A) helps divide the thoracic cavity into three chambers

B) allows the lungs to inflate and deflate without friction

C) helps limit the spread of local infections

D) aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs

Gas Exchange: Path of Air

The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________.

Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse?

A) intrapleural pressure

B) atmospheric pressure

C) intrapulmonary pressure

D) transpulmonary pressure

Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing, but eventually equalizes with the atmospheric pressure?

A) atmospheric pressure

B) intrapleural pressure

C) intrapulmonary pressure

D) transpulmonary pressure

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?

A) compliance and transpulmonary pressures

B) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures

C) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

D) compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.

Since mucus-producing cells and cilia are sparse in the bronchioles and alveoli, how does the body remove microorganisms that make their way into the respiratory zone?

What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli?

Which parts of the respiratory system function as the main sites of gas exchange?

The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________.