What are the standard things you do upon arriving to class each day, before the activity starts?

decontaminate work surface with disinfectant

what are some of the standard things you do before leaving class each day?

decontaminate work surface with disinfectant

what needs to be written on each plate or test tube?

your name, name of organism, and date it was innoculated

where do we dispose of broken glass and old prepared slides?

broken glass container

where do we dispose of old Petri plates?

autoclaveable containers: Sharps container or orange biohazard bag

What are some of the objects that are regularly flamed to avoid contamination with unwanted bacteria?

inoculating loop and top of glass tube

what is the power of the ocular lens?

10x

what is the power of the four objective lenses on our microscope?

4x, 10x, 40x, 100x

what is the equation to calculate total magnification?

ocular lens x objective lense

what is the purpose of immersion oil

to increase the resolving power of a microscope

which objective lens requires immersion oil?

100x

why do we go through the effort of fusing the bacteria of the smear.

to kill the bacteria and to make sure it sticks to the slide, so when we stain, it's there

what are the three things we flamed during the preparation of smear

inoculating loop, top of test tube, and slide to heat fix

why to we flame these objects?

to avoid contamination and to make sure the bacteria stick to the slide

what is a wet mount?

organism on a slide in a drop of liquid, organism is still alive, requires coverslip

what is the advantage of using a wet mount instead of a smear?

the organisms are alive

why do we stain microorganisms?

some are transparent; to be able to see them in contrast

how is a simple stain different from a differential stain?

simple stains color the everything on the slide, differential stains color only certain types of cells

what are the names of the two simple stains we used in our lab?

safranin and methylene blue

when are simple stains used in differential staining protocol?

as a counterstain

what are the four basic steps of a differential stain?

1. primary stain
2. mordant
3. decolorizer
4. counterstain

For gram staining what is the primary stain ?

crystal violet

For gram staining what is the mordant

gram's iodine

For gram staining what is the decolorizer?

acetone or alcohol

For gram staining what is the counterstain?

safranin

For gram staining which of the chemicals used in the staining procedure that we did in lab does not match the lab book?

alcohol/acetone

what color is gram positive cells at the end of the stain?

purple

what color is the gram negative cells at the end of the stain?

pink

what is the structural difference between gram - and gram + cells?

gram - has two plasma membrane and one thin cell wall

gram + have a thick cell wall

what shape and color is the bacteria of Staphylococcus aureus

cocci, purple

what shape and color is the bacteria of Bacillus brevis

bacili, purple

what shape and color is the bacteria of Escherichia coli

bacili, pink

Gram + and Gram - staining

For spore staining, what is the primary stain?

malachite green

For spore staining, what is the mordant

steam

For spore staining, what is the decolorizer?

water

For spore staining, what was the counterstain ?

safranin

For spore staining, what are the two general of common spore formers?

Bacillus and Clostridium

Where do spore-forming bacteria commonly grow?

survive environmental conditions that are not favorable

what color are the endospore at the end of the stain?

green

Spore staining

why do bacteria form endospore?

spore are produced when conditions become unfavorable

what appear pink at the end of the spore stain?

the vegetative cells

For acid-fast staining what is the primary stain ?

basic fuchsin

For acid-fast staining what is the mordant

steam

For acid-fast staining what is the decolorizer?

acid alcohol

For acid-fast staining what is the counterstain?

methylene blue

For acid-fast staining what chemical was used for the primary stain in our lab ?

carbol fuchsin

What color are the acid fast positive cells at the end of the stain?

metallic shiny red

what is the genus of the organism that was used as a acid-fast negative control?

Staphylococcus

Acid-fast staining

For capsule staining how is the basis of a negative stain different from the other staining protocols ?

The background is dark and the cells are clear.

how is the fixing step for the capsule stain different from the other staining protocols that we performed so far in lab?

it is chemically fixed with acid alcohol. and not heat fixed

For capsule staining what is the primary stain?

congo red stain

For capsule staining what is the purpose of acid alcohol?

fixing the smear on the slide

For capsule staining what is the secondary stain ?

carbol fuchsin

For capsule staining what is the genus of the organism that was used in class for this stain?

Klebsiella

For capsule staining what color is the capsule at the end of the procedure?

mostly clear or colorless

For capsule staining what color is the background?

purple/grey/red

how does the presence of a capsule affect the pathogenicity of a bacterium?

the capsule shield from immune response

Capsule Staining