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BIOL 1406 Chapter 1 Test Review

1.

Which of the following comprises a logical hierarchy of organization?

atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism

2.

What is a term used for something that is an explanation backed by evidence?

Theory

3.

What is the term used for something that is virtually irrefutable?

Law

4.

What is the term used for a tentative explanation of some phenomena?

hypothesis

5.

The lowest structural level at which all of life's properties occur is:

the cell

6.

How many domains are there and what are they?

3; Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

7.

Kingdoms are frequently grouped into a more inclusive (higher) category known as:

domains

8.

What do a fungus, a tree, and a human have in common?

They are composed of eukaryotic cells

9.

What are the two major cell types?

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

10.

What is the difference between a Prokaryote and a Eukaryote?

  1. Eukaryotes are 10 times larger
  2. Eukaryotes have intracellular organelles and prokaryotes don't
  3. Eukaryotes have their DNA in paired chromosomes while Prokaryotes are singular circular chromosome
11.

What are the two types of prokaryotes?

Archaea and Eubacteria

12.

A dog is a member of which domain?

Eukarya

13.

What is the order of classifications from most general to most specific?

  • Domain
  • Major Clades
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
14.

Two organisms that belong to the same class must also belong to the same:

Phylum

15.

Which domain(s) include organisms that are classified as prokaryotes? Check all that apply.

Archaea, Bacteria

16.

What is the primary reason for including a control within the design of an experiment?

To ensure that the results are due to a difference in only one variable

17.

Which of these is a key feature of science?

Scientific hypothesis must be testable

18.

Which scientist put forth the theory of evolution?

Charles Darwin

19.

What is the unit of genetic inheritance for all living organisms?

DNA

20.

What is the cell membrane of all living organisms made of?

A phospholipid bilayer

21.

What did Dr. Marshall discover?

the cause of duodenal ulcers

22.

What is the cause of duodenal ulcers?

A spirochete bacterium classified as Helicobacter Pylori

23.

Why do giraffes have a long neck?

Sexual Selection Hypothesis

24.

One difference between carbon 12 and carbon 14 is that carbon 14 has:

two more neutrons

25.

What type of chemical bond is a result of transfer of electron(s) between two atoms, creating an anion and cation?

ionic

26.

An ionic bond is one in which:

two oppositely charged ions are electrostatically attracted

27.

The reactive/chemical properties of an atom depend on the number of:

electrons in the outer shell of the atom (valence electrons)

28.

What are the three types of bonds?

- covalent, ionic, hydrogen

29.

Which is the strongest type of bond?

Covalent; each covalent bond represents the sharing of two electrons

30.

When observing ions, how do you differentiate between the anion and the cation

-cation is positively charged, anion is negatively charged

- the atom giving an electron away is positive (cation), the one receiving an electron is negative (anion)

31.

What is a common example of an ion?

Salts

32.

What are examples of non polar covalent bonds?

hydrogen and methane

33.

what are examples of polar covalent bonds?

Water and ammonia

34.

How many valence electrons does carbon have?

4

35.

Each element is unique and different from other elements because of its

atomic number

36.

What is an atomic number?

Number of protons, defines an element

37.

What is atomic weight/mass number?

weight of an atom in daltons (number of protons and neutrons)

38.

What is an isotope?

same atomic number, different atomic weights

39.

A covalent bond is one in which

electrons are shared by two different atoms

40.

If two atoms are equally electronegative, they will interact to form

nonpolar covalent bonds

41.

A hydrogen bond is characteristic of:

hydrophilic molecules

42.

Which of the following subatomic particles dictates the types of associations an atom can make?

Electrons

43.

How many electrons does hydrogen need to fill its outer shell?

1

44.

Which of the following types of chemical bonds results from electrostatic attraction between two partially charged atoms from polar covalently bonded substances?

hydrogen

45.

What is "Leo the lion goes grrr" supposed to help you remember?

- Its supposed to remind you or LEO and GER

- Lose electrons = oxidation

- Gain electrons = reduction

46.

What is a free radical?

- atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons

- extremely reactive

47.

What kind of molecules are soluble in water?

- polar molecules

- ionic molecules

- hydrophilic molecules

48.

What is a buffer?

  • A buffer minimizes changes in pH concentration
  • a weak acid or a weak base
49.

What is the quantity of heat that must be absorbed by a liquid in order to be converted to a gas?

- heat of vaporization

50.

How does the density of water change, with change in temperature?

- Water expands on cooling, forms ice and becomes less dense

51.

What is the temperature in celsius and Fahrenheit when water has maximum density?

- celsius: 4

- Fahrenheit: 39.2

52.

Hydrophobic substances are not soluble in water because they are dominated by

- non-ionic and non-polar bonds

53.

Which of the following is true about hydrogen bonds?

- when hydrogen bonds break heat is absorbed, and when hydrogen bonds form heat is released.

54.

Why does water have a high specific heat?

- due to hydrogen bonding

55.

What happens to water when it goes from a liquid to a solid?

- it expands

56.

Why is the transport of water possible in very tall trees and plants?

Cohesion

57.

All life is composed of what element?

carbon based matter

58.

What are functional groups?

molecular components that attach to the skeleton of the organic compound

59.

What functional groups should you know for the test?

-methyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, ketone, aldehyde, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate

60.

Describe Methyl

-CH3

-nonpolar

61.

Describe Hydroxyl

O-H

-Polar

-Characteristic of alcohols and sugars

62.

Describe Carbonyl

C = O

-either ketone or aldehyde

63.

Describe a Ketone

- a carbonyl group (C=O) that is NOT on the end of the C skeleton

- for example fructose and acetone

64.

Describe an Aldehyde

- a carbonyl group (C=O) that is at the end of the C skeleton

- for example glucose and galactose

65.

Describe Carboxyl

= O

C

- OH

- organic acid, proton donor, for ex acetic acid (vinegar)

66.

Describe the Amino Group

- H

N

- H

- organic base, proton acceptor, 20 different amino acids

67.

Describe Sulfhydryl

- SH
- Polar

68.

Describe Phosphate

O

O- P -O

O

-ionic; can result in release or absorption of large quantities of energy

69.

What are the three types of isomers?

  • structural
  • geometric
  • enantiomers
70.

What are structural isomers?

  • variation in covalent arrangement
71.

What are geometric isomers?

  • variation in arrangement about a double bond
  • cis and trans
72.

What are Enantiomers?

  • variation in spacial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon; molecules are mirror images
73.

What is a polymer?

  • Large molecule formed by linking several small subunits together
74.

What is the building block of a polymer?

Monomer

75.

What is it called when water is removed for each subunit added to the chain?

dehydration synthesis

76.

What is it called when water is added to break a polymer into its individual subunits?

degradation/hydrolysis

77.

What are the functional groups of carbohydrates?

OH, Carbonyl (aldehydes and ketones)

78.

What is Lactose made out of?

glucose and galactose

79.

What is the difference between Amylose/Amylopectin and glycogen?

glycogen is animal starch, amylose/amylopectin is plant starch

80.

What are four structural polysaccharides?

  1. cellulose
  2. chitin
  3. pectin
  4. peptidoglycan
81.

How are carbohydrates produced?

photosynthesis

82.

What elements do nucleic acids contain?

- C H O N and P

83.

What is the monomeric unit of the nucleic acid (DNA and RNA)?

nucleotides

84.

In DNA, what pyrimidines bind to what Purines?

  • pyrimidines: T and C
  • Purines: A and G
  • C binds with G, T binds with A
85.

In RNA what pyrimidines bind to what Purines?

  • pyrimidines: U and C
  • purines: A and G
  • C binds with G, U binds with A
86.

What are the three processes of nucleic acids?

  1. Replication: copying of DNA
  2. Transcription: making of RNA
  3. Translation: protein synthesis
87.

What functional group is involved with Amino Acids?

- carboxyl

88.

What are the four levels of protein structure?

  • primary
  • secondary
  • tertiary
  • Quaternary
89.

Briefly describe each of the four structural levels

- Primary: the sequence of amino acids

- Secondary: formation of a helices and b pleated sheets

- tertiary: overall 3D shape of polypeptide

- Quaternary: shaped produced by combinations of polypeptides

90.

What are each of the four structural levels stabilized by?

- Primary: peptide bonds

- Secondary: hydrogen bonding

-Tertiary: Bonds between R groups

- quaternary: bonds between R groups

91.

What are some functions of proteins?

- chemical messengers, transport, hormones, enzymes, blood clotting, structure and movement, defense/immunity

92.

What is denaturation?

- loss of 3D structure of a protein

- results in a loss of function