front 1 Which of the following comprises a logical hierarchy of organization? | back 1 atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism |
front 2 What is a term used for something that is an explanation backed by evidence? | back 2 Theory |
front 3 What is the term used for something that is virtually irrefutable? | back 3 Law |
front 4 What is the term used for a tentative explanation of some phenomena? | back 4 hypothesis |
front 5 The lowest structural level at which all of life's properties occur is: | back 5 the cell |
front 6 How many domains are there and what are they? | back 6 3; Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
front 7 Kingdoms are frequently grouped into a more inclusive (higher) category known as: | back 7 domains |
front 8 What do a fungus, a tree, and a human have in common? | back 8 They are composed of eukaryotic cells |
front 9 What are the two major cell types? | back 9 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes |
front 10 What is the difference between a Prokaryote and a Eukaryote? | back 10
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front 11 What are the two types of prokaryotes? | back 11 Archaea and Eubacteria |
front 12 A dog is a member of which domain? | back 12 Eukarya |
front 13 What is the order of classifications from most general to most specific? | back 13
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front 14 Two organisms that belong to the same class must also belong to the same: | back 14 Phylum |
front 15 Which domain(s) include organisms that are classified as prokaryotes? Check all that apply. | back 15 Archaea, Bacteria |
front 16 What is the primary reason for including a control within the design of an experiment? | back 16 To ensure that the results are due to a difference in only one variable |
front 17 Which of these is a key feature of science? | back 17 Scientific hypothesis must be testable |
front 18 Which scientist put forth the theory of evolution? | back 18 Charles Darwin |
front 19 What is the unit of genetic inheritance for all living organisms? | back 19 DNA |
front 20 What is the cell membrane of all living organisms made of? | back 20 A phospholipid bilayer |
front 21 What did Dr. Marshall discover? | back 21 the cause of duodenal ulcers |
front 22 What is the cause of duodenal ulcers? | back 22 A spirochete bacterium classified as Helicobacter Pylori |
front 23 Why do giraffes have a long neck? | back 23 Sexual Selection Hypothesis |
front 24 One difference between carbon 12 and carbon 14 is that carbon 14 has: | back 24 two more neutrons |
front 25 What type of chemical bond is a result of transfer of electron(s) between two atoms, creating an anion and cation? | back 25 ionic |
front 26 An ionic bond is one in which: | back 26 two oppositely charged ions are electrostatically attracted |
front 27 The reactive/chemical properties of an atom depend on the number of: | back 27 electrons in the outer shell of the atom (valence electrons) |
front 28 What are the three types of bonds? | back 28 - covalent, ionic, hydrogen |
front 29 Which is the strongest type of bond? | back 29 Covalent; each covalent bond represents the sharing of two electrons |
front 30 When observing ions, how do you differentiate between the anion and the cation | back 30 -cation is positively charged, anion is negatively charged - the atom giving an electron away is positive (cation), the one receiving an electron is negative (anion) |
front 31 What is a common example of an ion? | back 31 Salts |
front 32 What are examples of non polar covalent bonds? | back 32 hydrogen and methane |
front 33 what are examples of polar covalent bonds? | back 33 Water and ammonia |
front 34 How many valence electrons does carbon have? | back 34 4 |
front 35 Each element is unique and different from other elements because of its | back 35 atomic number |
front 36 What is an atomic number? | back 36 Number of protons, defines an element |
front 37 What is atomic weight/mass number? | back 37 weight of an atom in daltons (number of protons and neutrons) |
front 38 What is an isotope? | back 38 same atomic number, different atomic weights |
front 39 A covalent bond is one in which | back 39 electrons are shared by two different atoms |
front 40 If two atoms are equally electronegative, they will interact to form | back 40 nonpolar covalent bonds |
front 41 A hydrogen bond is characteristic of: | back 41 hydrophilic molecules |
front 42 Which of the following subatomic particles dictates the types of associations an atom can make? | back 42 Electrons |
front 43 How many electrons does hydrogen need to fill its outer shell? | back 43 1 |
front 44 Which of the following types of chemical bonds results from electrostatic attraction between two partially charged atoms from polar covalently bonded substances? | back 44 hydrogen |
front 45 What is "Leo the lion goes grrr" supposed to help you remember? | back 45 - Its supposed to remind you or LEO and GER - Lose electrons = oxidation - Gain electrons = reduction |
front 46 What is a free radical? | back 46 - atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons - extremely reactive |
front 47 What kind of molecules are soluble in water? | back 47 - polar molecules - ionic molecules - hydrophilic molecules |
front 48 What is a buffer? | back 48
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front 49 What is the quantity of heat that must be absorbed by a liquid in order to be converted to a gas? | back 49 - heat of vaporization |
front 50 How does the density of water change, with change in temperature? | back 50 - Water expands on cooling, forms ice and becomes less dense |
front 51 What is the temperature in celsius and Fahrenheit when water has maximum density? | back 51 - celsius: 4 - Fahrenheit: 39.2 |
front 52 Hydrophobic substances are not soluble in water because they are dominated by | back 52 - non-ionic and non-polar bonds |
front 53 Which of the following is true about hydrogen bonds? | back 53 - when hydrogen bonds break heat is absorbed, and when hydrogen bonds form heat is released. |
front 54 Why does water have a high specific heat? | back 54 - due to hydrogen bonding |
front 55 What happens to water when it goes from a liquid to a solid? | back 55 - it expands |
front 56 Why is the transport of water possible in very tall trees and plants? | back 56 Cohesion |
front 57 All life is composed of what element? | back 57 carbon based matter |
front 58 What are functional groups? | back 58 molecular components that attach to the skeleton of the organic compound |
front 59 What functional groups should you know for the test? | back 59 -methyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, ketone, aldehyde, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate |
front 60 Describe Methyl | back 60 -CH3 -nonpolar |
front 61 Describe Hydroxyl | back 61 O-H -Polar -Characteristic of alcohols and sugars |
front 62 Describe Carbonyl | back 62 C = O -either ketone or aldehyde |
front 63 Describe a Ketone | back 63 - a carbonyl group (C=O) that is NOT on the end of the C skeleton - for example fructose and acetone |
front 64 Describe an Aldehyde | back 64 - a carbonyl group (C=O) that is at the end of the C skeleton - for example glucose and galactose |
front 65 Describe Carboxyl | back 65 = O C - OH - organic acid, proton donor, for ex acetic acid (vinegar) |
front 66 Describe the Amino Group | back 66 - H N - H - organic base, proton acceptor, 20 different amino acids |
front 67 Describe Sulfhydryl | back 67 - SH |
front 68 Describe Phosphate | back 68 O O- P -O O -ionic; can result in release or absorption of large quantities of energy |
front 69 What are the three types of isomers? | back 69
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front 70 What are structural isomers? | back 70
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front 71 What are geometric isomers? | back 71
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front 72 What are Enantiomers? | back 72
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front 73 What is a polymer? | back 73
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front 74 What is the building block of a polymer? | back 74 Monomer |
front 75 What is it called when water is removed for each subunit added to the chain? | back 75 dehydration synthesis |
front 76 What is it called when water is added to break a polymer into its individual subunits? | back 76 degradation/hydrolysis |
front 77 What are the functional groups of carbohydrates? | back 77 OH, Carbonyl (aldehydes and ketones) |
front 78 What is Lactose made out of? | back 78 glucose and galactose |
front 79 What is the difference between Amylose/Amylopectin and glycogen? | back 79 glycogen is animal starch, amylose/amylopectin is plant starch |
front 80 What are four structural polysaccharides? | back 80
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front 81 How are carbohydrates produced? | back 81 photosynthesis |
front 82 What elements do nucleic acids contain? | back 82 - C H O N and P |
front 83 What is the monomeric unit of the nucleic acid (DNA and RNA)? | back 83 nucleotides |
front 84 In DNA, what pyrimidines bind to what Purines? | back 84
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front 85 In RNA what pyrimidines bind to what Purines? | back 85
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front 86 What are the three processes of nucleic acids? | back 86
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front 87 What functional group is involved with Amino Acids? | back 87 - carboxyl |
front 88 What are the four levels of protein structure? | back 88
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front 89 Briefly describe each of the four structural levels | back 89 - Primary: the sequence of amino acids - Secondary: formation of a helices and b pleated sheets - tertiary: overall 3D shape of polypeptide - Quaternary: shaped produced by combinations of polypeptides |
front 90 What are each of the four structural levels stabilized by? | back 90 - Primary: peptide bonds - Secondary: hydrogen bonding -Tertiary: Bonds between R groups - quaternary: bonds between R groups |
front 91 What are some functions of proteins? | back 91 - chemical messengers, transport, hormones, enzymes, blood clotting, structure and movement, defense/immunity |
front 92 What is denaturation? | back 92 - loss of 3D structure of a protein - results in a loss of function |