What happens when it is hot outside to your body temperature of 98.6 F? Does it change?

NO

Easy way to learn homeostasis.

Homoios = similar

Stasis = Standing

Or steady state

What is homeostasis?

The body’s ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in response to changing conditions

Maintain a consistent internal environment

How does the body maintain homeostasis?

By using homeostatic control systems

What 3 components are associated with each homeostatic control system?

1. Receptor

2. Control Center

3. Effector

What does homeostasis look like?

A homeostatic control mechanism consists of a receptor (detects a stimulus), a control center (integrates input and initiates change through the effector), and an effector (brings about a change in response to the stimulus).

What is a receptor?

The structure that detects changes in a variable, the stimulus

Ex: A change in temperature

Consists of sensory nerves (nerve cells)

What is a stimulus? Give an example?

A change in the variable (physical or chemical factor)

Ex: Change in light

Retina of eye (receptor) detects a change in light (stimulus) entering the eye

What is the control center, what does it do?

–The structure that interprets input from the receptor

–Initiates changes through the effector

–

What portion of the body is the control center a part of?

A portion of the nervous system or an endocrine organ

• Nervous system can provide a quicker response

–e.g., regulation of blood pressure upon rising

• Endocrine response is more sustained
• Side note: This means that it may take several hours or days for hormone release

–e.g., parathyroid hormone regulating calcium levels

Why is the control center sometimes in the same structure as the receptor?

It both detects the stimulus and causes a response to regulate it

Ex: Pancreas (receptor) detects increase in blood glucose and acts as a control center to release the hormone insulin in response

What is an effector? Give an example (teachers like you to know these things)

–The structure that brings about change to alter the stimulus

–Most body structures

• Most common effectors are muscles or glands

Ex: Smooth muscle in the walls of air passageways (bronchioles) regulate airflow into and out of the lungs

EX: Glands such as the pancreas release hormones (insulin)

How does the response of a homeostatic system occur?

Occurs through a feedback loop

What happens in a feedback loop?

–stimulus

–detection of stimulus by a receptor

–information relayed to the control center

–integration of the input by control center and initiation of change through effectors

–return of homeostasis by the actions of effectors

List and describe the 3 components of a homeostatic system.

The receptor detects changes in a variable

The control center interprets input and initiates change through the effector, which brings about changes to alter the stimulus

What are the two broad categoris involved with the homeostatic control systems?

Negative and positive feedback

Most processes in the body are controlled by ________ feedback.

Negative

Describe negative feedback.

–A type of homeostatic control system that maintains the variable within a normal range

–Resulting action in the opposite direction of stimulus

–Controls most processes in the body

–Variable maintained within a normal level, its set point

• fluctuates around the set point

If stimulus increases, homeostatic control system activated to cause a ______ in the stimulus

Decrease

If stimulus decreases, homeostatic control system activated to cause an _____ in the stimulus

Increase

Describe temperature regulation

–Body temperature drops

–Sensory receptors detect this and signal the hypothalamus (component of the brain)

–Hypothalamus alerts nerve impulses in blood vessels in the skin to decrease the inside opening of the vessels

–This decreases amount of amount of blood circulating to the surface of the body

–Less heat is released through skin

–Nerve impulses are sent to skeletal muscles, causing shivering

–Nerve impulses are sent to smooth muscles of hair follicles, causing “goosebumps”

Temperature regulation what else do you know?

–Body temperature rises

–Sensory receptors detect this and signal the hypothalamus

–Hypothalamus alerts nerve impulses in blood vessels in the skin to increase the inside opening of the vessels

–This increases the amount of blood circulating to the body surface

–More heat is released through skin

What are other examples of homeostatic regulation?

–withdrawal reflex in response to injury

–regulating heart rate and blood pressure during exercise

–changing breathing rate in response to increased carbon dioxide

–parathyroid hormone release in response to decreased calcium

–release of insulin by the pancreas in response to increased blood glucose

Describe positive feedback.

–Moves the stimulus in the same direction

–Continues until a climatic event occurs

–Occurs less frequently than negative feedback

Describe positive feedback during breastfeeding.

–Sensory detectors detect baby suckling

–Message is transmitted to the hypothalamus

–Hypothalamus signals posterior pituitary to release the hormone oxytocin

–Oxytocin stimulates the mammary gland to eject breast milk

–Cycle repeats as long as the baby suckles

What are other examples of positive feedback?

Blood clotting cascade

Uterine contractions of labor

Give a summary of homeostatic system characteristics.

–they are dynamic

–the control center is generally the nervous system or endocrine system

–they have three components: receptor, control center, and effector

–they are typically regulated through negative feedback

–it is when these systems fail that a homeostatic imbalance or disease results

What is an example of homeostatic imbalance and what happens?

Diabetes

–Occurs when homeostatic mechanisms for regulating blood glucose are not functioning normally

–Blood glucose fluctuations and high glucose readings

Treating patients invoves finding a diagnosis, a specific cause of _______.

Homeostatic Imbalance

• Most medications have benefits and side effects

–Many can be explained by examining homeostatic mechanisms

How might drugs affect normal homeostatic control mechanisms (SSRI's)?

–SSRI drugs block the reuptake of serotonin into nerve cells in the brain, prolonging its effects

–Patients with depression may have lower levels of serotonin

–Drugs help elevate the mood of patients with depression

–Serotonin is also used in the nerve cells of the digestive system

–Digestive system becomes more excitable due to drug

–Symptoms such as nausea and upset stomach can occur