Instructions for Side by Side Printing
- Print the notecards
- Fold each page in half along the solid vertical line
- Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal dotted line
- Optional: Glue, tape or staple the ends of each notecard together
Homeostasis (Breaking A & P Into Sections)
front 1 What happens when it is hot outside to your body temperature of 98.6 F? Does it change? | back 1 NO |
front 2 Easy way to learn homeostasis. | back 2 Homoios = similar Stasis = Standing Or steady state |
front 3 What is homeostasis? | back 3 The body’s ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in response to changing conditions Maintain a consistent internal environment |
front 4 How does the body maintain homeostasis? | back 4 By using homeostatic control systems |
front 5 What 3 components are associated with each homeostatic control system? | back 5 1. Receptor 2. Control Center 3. Effector |
front 6 What does homeostasis look like? | back 6  A homeostatic control mechanism consists of a receptor (detects a stimulus), a control center (integrates input and initiates change through the effector), and an effector (brings about a change in response to the stimulus). |
front 7 What is a receptor? | back 7 The structure that detects changes in a variable, the stimulus Ex: A change in temperature Consists of sensory nerves (nerve cells) |
front 8 What is a stimulus? Give an example? | back 8 A change in the variable (physical or chemical factor) Ex: Change in light Retina of eye (receptor) detects a change in light (stimulus) entering the eye |
front 9 What is the control center, what does it do? | back 9 –The structure that interprets input from the receptor –Initiates changes through the effector – |
front 10 What portion of the body is the control center a part of? | back 10 A portion of the nervous system or an endocrine organ
–e.g., regulation of blood pressure upon rising
–e.g., parathyroid hormone regulating calcium levels |
front 11 Why is the control center sometimes in the same structure as the receptor? | back 11 It both detects the stimulus and causes a response to regulate it Ex: Pancreas (receptor) detects increase in blood glucose and acts as a control center to release the hormone insulin in response |
front 12 What is an effector? Give an example (teachers like you to know these things) | back 12 –The structure that brings about change to alter the stimulus –Most body structures
Ex: Smooth muscle in the walls of air passageways (bronchioles) regulate airflow into and out of the lungs EX: Glands such as the pancreas release hormones (insulin) |
front 13 How does the response of a homeostatic system occur? | back 13 Occurs through a feedback loop |
front 14 What happens in a feedback loop? | back 14 –stimulus –detection of stimulus by a receptor –information relayed to the control center –integration of the input by control center and initiation of change through effectors –return of homeostasis by the actions of effectors |
front 15 List and describe the 3 components of a homeostatic system. | back 15 The receptor detects changes in a variable The control center interprets input and initiates change through the effector, which brings about changes to alter the stimulus |
front 16 What are the two broad categoris involved with the homeostatic control systems? | back 16 Negative and positive feedback |
front 17 Most processes in the body are controlled by ________ feedback. | back 17 Negative |
front 18 Describe negative feedback. | back 18 –A type of homeostatic control system that maintains the variable within a normal range –Resulting action in the opposite direction of stimulus –Controls most processes in the body –Variable maintained within a normal level, its set point
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front 19 If stimulus increases, homeostatic control system activated to cause a ______ in the stimulus | back 19 Decrease |
front 20 If stimulus decreases, homeostatic control system activated to cause an _____ in the stimulus | back 20 Increase |
front 21 Describe temperature regulation | back 21 –Body temperature drops –Sensory receptors detect this and signal the hypothalamus (component of the brain) –Hypothalamus alerts nerve impulses in blood vessels in the skin to decrease the inside opening of the vessels –This decreases amount of amount of blood circulating to the surface of the body –Less heat is released through skin –Nerve impulses are sent to skeletal muscles, causing shivering –Nerve impulses are sent to smooth muscles of hair follicles, causing “goosebumps” |
front 22 Temperature regulation what else do you know? | back 22 –Body temperature rises –Sensory receptors detect this and signal the hypothalamus –Hypothalamus alerts nerve impulses in blood vessels in the skin to increase the inside opening of the vessels –This increases the amount of blood circulating to the body surface –More heat is released through skin |
front 23 What are other examples of homeostatic regulation? | back 23 –withdrawal reflex in response to injury –regulating heart rate and blood pressure during exercise –changing breathing rate in response to increased carbon dioxide –parathyroid hormone release in response to decreased calcium –release of insulin by the pancreas in response to increased blood glucose |
front 24 Describe positive feedback. | back 24 –Moves the stimulus in the same direction –Continues until a climatic event occurs –Occurs less frequently than negative feedback |
front 25 Describe positive feedback during breastfeeding. | back 25  –Sensory detectors detect baby suckling –Message is transmitted to the hypothalamus –Hypothalamus signals posterior pituitary to release the hormone oxytocin –Oxytocin stimulates the mammary gland to eject breast milk –Cycle repeats as long as the baby suckles |
front 26 What are other examples of positive feedback? | back 26 Blood clotting cascade Uterine contractions of labor |
front 27 Give a summary of homeostatic system characteristics. | back 27 –they are dynamic –the control center is generally the nervous system or endocrine system –they have three components: receptor, control center, and effector –they are typically regulated through negative feedback –it is when these systems fail that a homeostatic imbalance or disease results |
front 28 What is an example of homeostatic imbalance and what happens? | back 28 Diabetes –Occurs when homeostatic mechanisms for regulating blood glucose are not functioning normally –Blood glucose fluctuations and high glucose readings |
front 29 Treating patients invoves finding a diagnosis, a specific cause of _______. | back 29 Homeostatic Imbalance
–Many can be explained by examining homeostatic mechanisms |
front 30 How might drugs affect normal homeostatic control mechanisms (SSRI's)? | back 30 –SSRI drugs block the reuptake of serotonin into nerve cells in the brain, prolonging its effects –Patients with depression may have lower levels of serotonin –Drugs help elevate the mood of patients with depression –Serotonin is also used in the nerve cells of the digestive system –Digestive system becomes more excitable due to drug –Symptoms such as nausea and upset stomach can occur |