Set #4 Johnson Intro Bio II Final Review
Fertilization normally
A) reinstates diploidy.
B) follows
gastrulation.
C) is required for parthenogenesis.
D)
merges two diploid cells into one haploid cell.
Answer: A
During the early part of the cleavage stage in frog development, the
rapidly developing cells
A) skip the mitosis phase of the cell
cycle.
B) skip the S phase of the cell cycle.
C) skip the
G₁ and G₂ phases of the cell cycle.
D) rapidly increase the
volume and mass of the embryo.
Answer: C
The vertebrate ectoderm is the origin of the
A) nervous system.
B) liver.
C) pancreas.
D) heart.
Answer: A
Gases are exchanged in a mammalian embryo in the
A) amnion.
B) hypoblast.
C) chorion.
D) trophoblast.
Answer: C
Animal cells that are present only for a brief developmental phase
will, following completion of that phase, undergo
A) diapause.
B) apoptosis
C) meiosis.
D) oxidative phosphorylation.
Answer: B
The nucleus and most of the organelles in a neuron are located in the
A) dendritic region.
B) axon hillock.
C) axon.
D) cell body.
Answer: D
The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called
A) the axon hillock.
B) the dendrite.
C) the
synapse.
D) the cell body.
Answer: C
ATP hydrolysis directly powers the movement of
A) K+ out of
cells.
B) Na+ out of cells.
C) Na+ into cells.
D)
Ca++ into cells.
Answer: B
Why are action potentials usually conducted in one direction?
A) The nodes of Ranvier conduct potentials in one direction.
B) The brief refractory period prevents reopening of
voltage-gated Na+ channels.
C) The axon hillock has a higher
membrane potential than the terminals of the axon.
D) Ions can
flow along the axon in only one direction.
Answer: B
The membrane's permeability to sodium ions is at its maximum at label
A) A.
B) B.
C) C.
D) D.
Answer: B
Myelinated neurons are especially abundant in the
A) gray
matter of the brain and the white matter of the spinal cord.
B)
white matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord.
C) gray matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal
cord.
D) white matter in the brain and the white matter in the
spinal cord.
Answer: D
Exercise and emergency reactions include
A) increased activity
in all parts of the peripheral nervous system.
B) increased
activity in the sympathetic, and decreased activity in the
parasympathetic branches.
C) decreased activity in the
sympathetic, and increased activity in the parasympathetic branches.
D) increased activity in the enteric nervous system.
Answer: B
Bottlenose dolphins breathe air but can sleep in the ocean because
A) they alternate which half of their brains is asleep and which
half is awake.
B) they sleep for only 30 minutes at a time, which
is the maximum interval they can cease breathing.
C) they fill
their swim bladder with air to keep their blowholes above the surface
of the water while they sleep.
D) they move to shallow water to
sleep, so they do not need to swim to keep their blowholes above the
surface of the water.
Answer: A
Which of the following structures are correctly paired?
A)
forebrain and medulla oblongata
B) forebrain and cerebellum
C) midbrain and cerebrum
D) hindbrain and cerebellum
Answer: D
When Phineas Gage had a metal rod driven into his frontal lobe, or
when someone had a frontal lobotomy, they would
A) lose the
ability to reason.
B) lose all short-term memory.
C) have
greatly altered emotional responses.
D) lose all long-term memory.
Answer: C
The correct sequence of sensory processing is
A) sensory
adaptation → stimulus reception → sensory transduction → sensory
perception.
B) stimulus reception → sensory transduction →
sensory perception → sensory adaptation.
C) sensory perception →
stimulus reception → sensory transduction → sensory adaptation.
D) sensory perception → sensory transduction → stimulus
reception → sensory adaptation.
Answer: B
Which of the following sensory receptors is correctly paired with its
category?
A) hair cell - mechanoreceptor
B) muscle spindle
- electromagnetic receptor
C) taste receptor -
mechanoreceptor
D) rod - chemoreceptor
Answer: A
Partial or complete loss of hearing (deafness) can be caused by
damage to the ________.
I) axons of the neurons associated with
each hair cell that carry information to the brain
II) hair cells
(the sensory receptors) in the cochlea
III) tympanic membrane, or eardrum
A) only II
B) only III
C) I, II, and III
D) only I
and II
Answer: C
Umami perception would be stimulated by ________.
A) aged
cheese
B) saltwater
C) lemonade
D) chocolate milk
Answer: A
The "motor unit" in vertebrate skeletal muscle refers to
________.
A) one sarcomere and all of its actin and myosin
filaments
B) one myofibril and all of its sarcomeres
C) one
actin binding site and its myosin partner
D) one motor neuron and
all of the muscle fibers on which it has synapses
Answer: D
During fertilization, the acrosomal contents
A) block
polyspermy.
B) help propel more sperm toward the egg.
C)
digest the protective jelly coat on the surface of the egg.
D)
nourish the mitochondria of the sperm.
Answer: C
In a newly fertilized egg, the vitelline layer
A) opens the
egg's nuclear membrane to allow haploid sperm DNA to enter.
B)
lifts away from the egg and hardens to form a fertilization envelope.
C) secretes hormones that enhance steroidogenesis by the ovary.
D) reduces the loss of water from the egg and prevents desiccation.
Answer: B
Among these choices, the largest cell involved in frog reproduction
is
A) the spermatozoon.
B) the egg.
C) a blastomere
in the vegetal pole.
D) a blastomere in the animal pole.
Answer: B
At the moment of sperm penetration, human eggs
A) have used
flagellar propulsion to move from the ovary to the oviduct.
B)
are still surrounded by follicular cells.
C) are still located
within the ovary.
D) have a paper-thin cell of calcium carbonate
that prevents desiccation.
Answer: B
Which of the following correctly displays the sequence of
developmental milestones?
A) blastula → gastrula →
cleavage
B) cleavage → gastrula → blastula
C) cleavage →
blastula → gastrula
D) gastrula → blastula → cleavage
Answer: C
Cells move to new positions as an embryo establishes its three germ
tissue layers during
A) determination.
B) cleavage.
C) gastrulation.
D) induction.
Answer: C
The outer-to-inner sequence of tissue layers in a post-gastrulation
vertebrate embryo is
A) endoderm → ectoderm → mesoderm.
B)
mesoderm → endoderm → ectoderm.
C) ectoderm → mesoderm →
endoderm.
D) ectoderm → endoderm → mesoderm.
Answer: C
In all vertebrate animals, development requires
A) a large
supply of yolk.
B) an aqueous environment.
C)
extraembryonic membranes.
D) an amnion.
Answer: B
From earliest to latest, the overall sequence of early development
proceeds in which of the following sequences?
A) gastrulation →
organogenesis → cleavage
B) ovulation → gastrulation →
fertilization
C) cleavage → gastrulation → organogenesis
D) gastrulation → blastulation → neurulation
Answer: C
Changes in the shape of a cell usually involve a reorganization of
the
A) nucleus.
B) cytoskeleton.
C) extracellular
matrix.
D) transport proteins.
Answer: B
The embryonic precursor to the human spinal cord is the
A)
notochord.
B) neural tube.
C) mesoderm.
D) archenteron.
Answer: B
During human fetal development, webbing between fingers and toes is
eliminated by the process of ________.
A) oxidative
phosphorylation
B) regeneration
C) apoptosis
D) re-differentiation
Answer: C
What structural adaptation in chickens allows them to lay their eggs
in arid environments rather than in water?
A) development of the
brain from ectoderm
B) yolk
C) amnion
D) gastrulation
Answer: C
Which of the following best describes a model organism?
A) It
has been chosen for study by early biologists.
B) It is small,
inexpensive to raise, and lives a long time.
C) It is well
studied, it is easy to grow, and results are widely
applicable.
D) It is often pictured in textbooks and easy for
students to imagine.
Answer: C
Which of the following model systems is an adult organism that has
fewer than 1,000 cells?
A) chickens, Gallus domesticus
B)
African clawed frogs, Xenopus laevis
C) nematodes,
Caenorhabditis elegans
D) fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster
Answer: C
The arrangement of organs and tissues in their characteristic places
in 3-D space defines
A) pattern formation.
B) induction.
C) differentiation.
D) determination.
Answer: A
Most of the neurons in the human brain are
A) sensory neurons.
B) motor neurons.
C) interneurons.
D) auditory neurons.
Answer: C
The operation of the sodium-potassium "pump" moves
A)
sodium and potassium ions into the cell.
B) sodium and potassium
ions out of the cell.
C) sodium ions into the cell and potassium
ions out of the cell.
D) sodium ions out of the cell and
potassium ions into the cell.
Answer: D
Which of the following statements about action potentials is
correct?
A) Action potentials for a given neuron vary in
magnitude.
B) Movement of ions during the action potential occurs
mostly through the sodium pump.
C) Action potentials for a given
neuron vary in duration.
D) Action potentials are propagated down
the length of the axon.
Answer: D
In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are released by
A) the dendritic membrane.
B) the presynaptic membrane.
C) axon hillocks.
D) cell bodies.
Answer: B
Why are action potentials usually conducted in one direction?
A) The nodes of Ranvier conduct potentials in one direction.
B) The brief refractory period prevents reopening of
voltage-gated Na+ channels.
C) The axon hillock has a higher
membrane potential than the terminals of the axon.
D) Ions can
flow along the axon in only one direction.
Answer: B
Action potentials move along axons
A) more slowly in axons of
large than in small diameter.
B) by the direct action of
acetylcholine on the axonal membrane.
C) by activating the
sodium-potassium "pump" at each point along the axonal
membrane.
D) more rapidly in myelinated than in non-myelinated axons.
Answer: D
The neuronal membrane is at its resting potential at label
A)
A.
B) B.
C) D.
D) E.
Answer: D
The minimum graded depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated
sodium and potassium channels is indicated by the label
A) A.
B) B.
C) D.
D) E.
Answer: A
The cell is not hyperpolarized; however, repolarization is in
progress, as the sodium channels are closing or closed, and many
potassium channels have opened at label
A) B.
B) C.
C)
D.
D) E.
Answer: B
For a neuron with an initial membrane potential at -70 mV, an
increase in the movement of potassium ions out of that neuron's
cytoplasm would result in
A) the depolarization of the neuron.
B) the hyperpolarization of the neuron.
C) the replacement
of potassium ions with sodium ions.
D) the replacement of
potassium ions with calcium ions.
Answer: B
Which of the following is a direct result of depolarizing the
presynaptic membrane of an axon terminal?
A) Voltage-gated
calcium channels in the membrane open.
B) Synaptic vesicles fuse
with the membrane.
C) The postsynaptic cell produces an action
potential.
D) Ligand-gated channels open, allowing
neurotransmitters to enter the synaptic cleft.
Answer: A
Neurotransmitters are released from axon terminals via
A)
osmosis.
B) active transport.
C) diffusion.
D) exocytosis.
Answer: D
Choose the correct match of glial cell type and function.
A)
astrocytesmetabolize neurotransmitters and modulate synaptic
effectiveness
B) oligodendrocytesproduce the myelin sheaths of
myelinated neurons in the peripheral nervous system
C)
microgliaproduce the myelin sheaths of myelinated neurons in the
central nervous system
D) radial gliathe source of
immunoprotection against pathogens.
Answer: A
Myelinated neurons are especially abundant in the
A) gray
matter of the brain and the white matter of the spinal cord.
B)
white matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord.
C) gray matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal
cord.
D) white matter in the brain and the white matter in the
spinal cord.
Answer: D
The myelin sheath plays an important role in neuron structure and
function. However, when the myelin sheath is missing or not fully
intact, there are consequences. There are many conditions that cause
demyelination of neurons, some are autoimmune disorders, such as
multiple sclerosis, and others are hereditary. The symptoms of these
conditions vary, but often include speech impairment and difficulty
coordinating movement. Which of the following correctly connects the
symptoms of demyelination with the process of nerve impulse
transmission?
A) Demyelination prevents the formation of an
action potential in sensory neurons that transmit signals from the
environment to the central nervous system.
B) Demyelination slows
nerve impulse transmission.
C) Demyelination prevents the uptake
of neurotransmitters needed to propagate a message to the next
neuron.
D) Demyelination targets the central nervous system.
Answer: B
Increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system leads to
A) decreased heart rate.
B) increased secretion by the
pancreas.
C) relaxation of the airways in the lungs.
D)
increased contraction of the stomach.
Answer: C
The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have
A) a
complete gut.
B) bilateral symmetry.
C) radial symmetry.
D) a closed circulatory system.
Answer: C
In a cephalized invertebrate, the system that transmits
"efferent" impulses from the anterior ganglion to distal
segments is the
A) central nervous system.
B) peripheral
nervous system.
C) autonomic nervous system.
D)
parasympathetic nervous system.
Answer: B
Which of the following structures or regions is correctly paired with
its function?
A) limbic systemmotor control of speech
B)
medulla oblongataemotional memory
C) cerebellumhomeostatic
control
D) corpus callosumcommunication between the left and
right cerebral cortices
Answer: D
Calculation, contemplation, and cognition are human activities
associated with increased activity in the
A) pituitary gland.
B) hypothalamus.
C) cerebrum.
D) cerebellum.
Answer: C
The unconscious control of respiration and circulation are associated
with the
A) thalamus.
B) cerebellum.
C) medulla
oblongata.
D) corpus callosum.
Answer: C
Central coordination of vertebrate biological rhythms in physiology
and behavior reside in the
A) pituitary gland.
B)
hypothalamus.
C) cerebrum.
D) cerebellum.
Answer: B
Wakefulness is regulated by the reticular formation, which is present
in the
A) basal nuclei.
B) cerebral cortex.
C)
brainstem.
D) limbic system.
Answer: C
Which of the following shows a brain structure correctly paired with
one of its primary functions?
A) frontal lobedecision making
B) occipital lobecontrol of skeletal muscles
C) temporal
lobevisual processing
D) cerebellumlanguage comprehension
Answer: A
Bipolar disorder differs from schizophrenia in that
A)
schizophrenia typically involves hallucinations.
B)
schizophrenia typically involves manic and depressive states.
C)
schizophrenia typically involves decreased dopamine.
D) bipolar
disorder involves both genes and environment.
Answer: A
One of the complications of Alzheimer's disease is an interference
with learning and memory. This disease would most likely involve
________.
A) changes in the concentration of ions in the
extracellular fluid surrounding neurons
B) molecular and
structural changes at synapses
C) changes in myelination of
axons
D) structural changes to ion channels in axons
Answer: B
A behavioral physiologist is studying the homeostatic control of
blood pH. In atrial, a lizard runs on a treadmill for a set amount of
time and the blood pH is measured. The blood pH drops as carbon
dioxide is released into the bloodstream.Which component of the
homeostatic feedback system is responsible for deciding if the blood
pH is far enough from normal that a response is necessary?
A)
assimilator
B) sensor
C) effector
D) integrator
Answer: D
Immediately after putting on a shirt, your skin might feel itchy.
However, this perception soon fades due to
A) sensory
adaptation.
B) accommodation.
C) the increase of
transduction.
D) reduced motor unit recruitment.
Answer: A
Hair cells in the vertebrate ear are responsible for transducing
sound pressure waves. Ion channels in the hair cell membrane open when
________.
A) a chemical ligand binds to the ion channel
B)
light is absorbed by a molecule in the membrane
C) the membrane
is distorted mechanically
D) the cell membrane reaches a
threshold voltage
Answer: C
Sensory transduction of light in the vertebrate retina is
accomplished by
A) ganglion cells.
B) amacrine cells.
C) bipolar cells.
D) rods and cones.
Answer: D
Which sensory distinction is not encoded by a difference in neuron
identity?
A) white and red
B) red and green
C) loud
and faint
D) salty and sweet
Answer: C
The contraction of skeletal muscles is based on
A) myosin
cross-bridges binding to actin and then flexing.
B) myosin
filaments coiling up to become shorter.
C) actin and myosin
filaments both coiling up to become shorter.
D) actin
cross-bridges binding to myosin and then flexing.
Answer: A
A skeletal muscle deprived of adequate ATP supplies will
A)
immediately relax.
B) release all actin-myosin bonds.
C)
enter a state where actin and myosin are unable to separate.
D)
fire many more action potentials than usual and enter a state of "rigor."
Answer: C
Which of the following is the correct sequence that describes the excitation and contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber?
1. Tropomyosin shifts and unblocks the cross-bridge binding sites.
2. Calcium is released and binds to the troponin complex.
3. Transverse tubules depolarize the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
4. The thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments
by the heads of the myosin molecules using energy from ATP.
5.
An action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release
acetylcholine, which depolarizes the muscle cell membrane.
A) 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5
B) 2 → 1 → 3 → 5 → 4
C) 2 → 3 → 4 →
1 → 5
D) 5 → 3 → 2 → 1 → 4
Answer: D
What would happen to people exposed to a chemical warfare agent that
blocked acetylcholine from binding to muscle receptors?
A) Muscle
contractions could still occur, but relaxation of the muscle would be
impaired.
B) Muscle contractions would be prevented, causing
paralysis.
C) Action potentials would be continuously generated,
causing convulsive muscle contractions.
D) Action potentials
would be continuously generated, causing convulsive muscle
contractions; muscle contractions would then be prevented, causing paralysis.
Answer: B
An endoskeleton is the primary body support for the
A)
annelids, including earthworms.
B) insects, including beetles.
C) cartilaginous fishes, including sharks.
D) bivalves,
including clams.
Answer: C
Chitin is a major component of
A) the skeleton of mammals.
B) the hydrostatic skeletons of earthworms.
C) the
exoskeleton of insects.
D) the body hairs of mammals.
Answer: C
What type of signal is long-lasting and works at night?
A)
olfactory
B) visual
C) auditory
D) tactile
Answer: A
A stickleback fish will attack a fish model as long as the model has
red coloring. What animal behavior idea is manifested by this
observation?
A) sign stimulus
B) cognition
C)
imprinting
D) classical conditioning
Answer: A
Which of the following experiments best addresses the hypothesis that
moths stop flying in response to high-intensity bat sounds?
A)
Isolate and characterize the neurons that control flight
muscle.
B) Put bats and moths in an enclosure and make detailed
observations of predator-prey interactions.
C) Observe responses
of moths to bats in nature.
D) Play prerecorded high-intensity
bat sounds to flying moths.
Answer: D
The proximate causes of behavior are interactions with the
environment, but behavior is ultimately shaped by
A) hormones.
B) evolution.
C) sexuality.
D) pheromones.
Answer: B
Listed below are several examples of types of animal behavior. Match the letter of the correct term (A-E) to each example in the following question.
A. operant conditioning
B. agonistic behavior
C. innate
behavior
D. imprinting
E. altruistic behavior
Through trial and error, a rat learns to run a maze without mistakes
to receive a food reward.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Answer: A
Listed below are several examples of types of animal behavior. Match the letter of the correct term (A-E) to each example in the following question.
A. operant conditioning
B. agonistic behavior
C. innate
behavior
D. imprinting
E. altruistic behavior
A human baby performs a sucking behavior perfectly when it is put in
the presence of the nipple of its mother's breast.
A) A
B)
B
C) C
D) D
Answer: C
Listed below are several examples of types of animal behavior. Match the letter of the correct term (A-E) to each example in the following question.
A. operant conditioning
B. agonistic behavior
C. innate
behavior
D. imprinting
E. altruistic behavior
Upon observing a golden eagle flying overhead, a sentry prairie dog
gives a warning call to other foraging members of the prairie dog
community.
A) B
B) C
C) D
D) E
Answer: D
Every morning at the same time, John went into the den to feed his
new tropical fish. After a few weeks, he noticed that the fish swam to
the top of the tank when he entered the room. This is an example of
A) cognition.
B) imprinting.
C) classical
conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.
Answer: C
One way to understand how early environment influences differing
behaviors in similar species is through the
"cross-fostering" experimental technique. Suppose that the
curly-whiskered mud rat differs from the bald mud rat in several ways,
including being much more aggressive. How would you set up a
cross-fostering experiment to determine if environment plays a role in
the curly-whiskered mud rat's aggression?
A) You would cross
curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats and hand-rear the offspring
to see if any grew up to be aggressive.
B) You would place
newborn curly-whiskered mud rats with bald mud rat parents, place
newborn bald mud rats with curly-whiskered mud rat parents, and let
some mud rats of both species be raised by their own species. Then you
would compare the outcomes.
C) You would remove the offspring of
curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats from their parents, raise
them in the same environment, and then compare the outcomes.
D)
You would see if curly-whiskered mud rats bred true for aggression.
Answer: B
Which of the following is true of innate behaviors?
A) Their
expression is only weakly influenced by genes.
B) They occur
with or without environmental stimuli.
C) They are limited to
invertebrate animals.
D) They are expressed in most individuals
in a population.
Answer: D
Although many chimpanzees live in environments containing oil palm
nuts, members of only a few populations use stones to crack open the
nuts. The likely explanation is that
A) the behavioral
difference is caused by genetic differences between populations.
B) members of different populations have different nutritional
requirements.
C) the cultural tradition of using stones to crack
nuts has arisen in only some populations.
D) members of
different populations differ in learning ability.
Answer: C
Female spotted sandpipers aggressively court males and, after mating,
leave the clutch of young for the male to incubate. This sequence may
be repeated several times with different males until no available
males remain, forcing the female to incubate her last clutch. Which of
the following terms best describes this behavior?
A) monogamy
B) polygyny
C) polyandry
D) promiscuity
Answer: C
Feeding behavior with a high energy intake-to-expenditure ratio is
called
A) optimal foraging.
B) autotrophy.
C)
heterotrophy.
D) search scavenging.
Answer: A
Which of the following is most likely associated with the evolution
of mating systems?
A) population density.
B)
territoriality.
C) certainty of paternity.
D) sexual dimorphism.
Answer: D
Which of the following best describes "game theory" as it
applies to animal behavior?
A) The fitness of a particular
behavior is influenced by other behavioral phenotypes in a population.
B) The total of all of the behavioral displays, both male and
female, is related to courtship.
C) An individual in a
population changes a behavioral phenotype to gain a competitive
advantage.
D) The play behavior performed by juveniles allows
them to perfect adult behaviors that are needed for survival, such as
hunting, courtship, and so on.
Answer: A
The color of throats of males in a population of side-blotched
lizards is determined by
A) the success of the mating behavior
of each of the throat color phenotypes.
B) ambient temperature:
blue = cold; orange = normal; yellow = hot.
C) stage of
development/maturity.
D) their receptiveness to mate.
Answer: A
Animals that help other animals of the same species
A) have
excess energy reserves.
B) are bigger and stronger than the
other animals.
C) are usually related to the other animals.
D) are always male.
Answer: C
(DIAGRAM) In the figure above, which of the following conclusions is
most logical based on the data?
A) Females produce more eggs more
quickly when exposed to breeding males.
B) Females produce eggs
more quickly when exposed to many males than females paired with a
male.
C) After four weeks together, females with males produce
mature follicles to the same extent as females without males.
D)
All non-isolated females do just as well as isolated females.
Answer: A