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Set #4 Johnson Intro Bio II Final Review

front 1

Fertilization normally
A) reinstates diploidy.
B) follows gastrulation.
C) is required for parthenogenesis.
D) merges two diploid cells into one haploid cell.

back 1

Answer: A

front 2

During the early part of the cleavage stage in frog development, the rapidly developing cells
A) skip the mitosis phase of the cell cycle.
B) skip the S phase of the cell cycle.
C) skip the G₁ and G₂ phases of the cell cycle.
D) rapidly increase the volume and mass of the embryo.

back 2

Answer: C

front 3

The vertebrate ectoderm is the origin of the
A) nervous system.
B) liver.
C) pancreas.
D) heart.

back 3

Answer: A

front 4

Gases are exchanged in a mammalian embryo in the
A) amnion.
B) hypoblast.
C) chorion.
D) trophoblast.

back 4

Answer: C

front 5

Animal cells that are present only for a brief developmental phase will, following completion of that phase, undergo
A) diapause.
B) apoptosis
C) meiosis.
D) oxidative phosphorylation.

back 5

Answer: B

front 6

The nucleus and most of the organelles in a neuron are located in the
A) dendritic region.
B) axon hillock.
C) axon.
D) cell body.

back 6

Answer: D

front 7

The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called
A) the axon hillock.
B) the dendrite.
C) the synapse.
D) the cell body.

back 7

Answer: C

front 8

ATP hydrolysis directly powers the movement of
A) K+ out of cells.
B) Na+ out of cells.
C) Na+ into cells.
D) Ca++ into cells.

back 8

Answer: B

front 9

Why are action potentials usually conducted in one direction?
A) The nodes of Ranvier conduct potentials in one direction.
B) The brief refractory period prevents reopening of voltage-gated Na+ channels.
C) The axon hillock has a higher membrane potential than the terminals of the axon.
D) Ions can flow along the axon in only one direction.

back 9

Answer: B

front 10

The membrane's permeability to sodium ions is at its maximum at label
A) A.
B) B.
C) C.
D) D.

back 10

Answer: B

front 11

Myelinated neurons are especially abundant in the
A) gray matter of the brain and the white matter of the spinal cord.
B) white matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord.
C) gray matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord.
D) white matter in the brain and the white matter in the spinal cord.

back 11

Answer: D

front 12

Exercise and emergency reactions include
A) increased activity in all parts of the peripheral nervous system.
B) increased activity in the sympathetic, and decreased activity in the parasympathetic branches.
C) decreased activity in the sympathetic, and increased activity in the parasympathetic branches.
D) increased activity in the enteric nervous system.

back 12

Answer: B

front 13

Bottlenose dolphins breathe air but can sleep in the ocean because
A) they alternate which half of their brains is asleep and which half is awake.
B) they sleep for only 30 minutes at a time, which is the maximum interval they can cease breathing.
C) they fill their swim bladder with air to keep their blowholes above the surface of the water while they sleep.
D) they move to shallow water to sleep, so they do not need to swim to keep their blowholes above the surface of the water.

back 13

Answer: A

front 14

Which of the following structures are correctly paired?
A) forebrain and medulla oblongata
B) forebrain and cerebellum
C) midbrain and cerebrum
D) hindbrain and cerebellum

back 14

Answer: D

front 15

When Phineas Gage had a metal rod driven into his frontal lobe, or when someone had a frontal lobotomy, they would
A) lose the ability to reason.
B) lose all short-term memory.
C) have greatly altered emotional responses.
D) lose all long-term memory.

back 15

Answer: C

front 16

The correct sequence of sensory processing is
A) sensory adaptation → stimulus reception → sensory transduction → sensory perception.
B) stimulus reception → sensory transduction → sensory perception → sensory adaptation.
C) sensory perception → stimulus reception → sensory transduction → sensory adaptation.
D) sensory perception → sensory transduction → stimulus reception → sensory adaptation.

back 16

Answer: B

front 17

Which of the following sensory receptors is correctly paired with its category?
A) hair cell - mechanoreceptor
B) muscle spindle - electromagnetic receptor
C) taste receptor - mechanoreceptor
D) rod - chemoreceptor

back 17

Answer: A

front 18

Partial or complete loss of hearing (deafness) can be caused by damage to the ________.
I) axons of the neurons associated with each hair cell that carry information to the brain
II) hair cells (the sensory receptors) in the cochlea
III) tympanic membrane, or eardrum

A) only II
B) only III
C) I, II, and III
D) only I and II

back 18

Answer: C

front 19

Umami perception would be stimulated by ________.
A) aged cheese
B) saltwater
C) lemonade
D) chocolate milk

back 19

Answer: A

front 20

The "motor unit" in vertebrate skeletal muscle refers to ________.
A) one sarcomere and all of its actin and myosin filaments
B) one myofibril and all of its sarcomeres
C) one actin binding site and its myosin partner
D) one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers on which it has synapses

back 20

Answer: D

front 21

During fertilization, the acrosomal contents
A) block polyspermy.
B) help propel more sperm toward the egg.
C) digest the protective jelly coat on the surface of the egg.
D) nourish the mitochondria of the sperm.

back 21

Answer: C

front 22

In a newly fertilized egg, the vitelline layer
A) opens the egg's nuclear membrane to allow haploid sperm DNA to enter.
B) lifts away from the egg and hardens to form a fertilization envelope.
C) secretes hormones that enhance steroidogenesis by the ovary.
D) reduces the loss of water from the egg and prevents desiccation.

back 22

Answer: B

front 23

Among these choices, the largest cell involved in frog reproduction is
A) the spermatozoon.
B) the egg.
C) a blastomere in the vegetal pole.
D) a blastomere in the animal pole.

back 23

Answer: B

front 24

At the moment of sperm penetration, human eggs
A) have used flagellar propulsion to move from the ovary to the oviduct.
B) are still surrounded by follicular cells.
C) are still located within the ovary.
D) have a paper-thin cell of calcium carbonate that prevents desiccation.

back 24

Answer: B

front 25

Which of the following correctly displays the sequence of developmental milestones?
A) blastula → gastrula → cleavage
B) cleavage → gastrula → blastula
C) cleavage → blastula → gastrula
D) gastrula → blastula → cleavage

back 25

Answer: C

front 26

Cells move to new positions as an embryo establishes its three germ tissue layers during
A) determination.
B) cleavage.
C) gastrulation.
D) induction.

back 26

Answer: C

front 27

The outer-to-inner sequence of tissue layers in a post-gastrulation vertebrate embryo is
A) endoderm → ectoderm → mesoderm.
B) mesoderm → endoderm → ectoderm.
C) ectoderm → mesoderm → endoderm.
D) ectoderm → endoderm → mesoderm.

back 27

Answer: C

front 28

In all vertebrate animals, development requires
A) a large supply of yolk.
B) an aqueous environment.
C) extraembryonic membranes.
D) an amnion.

back 28

Answer: B

front 29

From earliest to latest, the overall sequence of early development proceeds in which of the following sequences?
A) gastrulation → organogenesis → cleavage
B) ovulation → gastrulation → fertilization
C) cleavage → gastrulation → organogenesis
D) gastrulation → blastulation → neurulation

back 29

Answer: C

front 30

Changes in the shape of a cell usually involve a reorganization of the
A) nucleus.
B) cytoskeleton.
C) extracellular matrix.
D) transport proteins.

back 30

Answer: B

front 31

The embryonic precursor to the human spinal cord is the
A) notochord.
B) neural tube.
C) mesoderm.
D) archenteron.

back 31

Answer: B

front 32

During human fetal development, webbing between fingers and toes is eliminated by the process of ________.
A) oxidative phosphorylation
B) regeneration
C) apoptosis
D) re-differentiation

back 32

Answer: C

front 33

What structural adaptation in chickens allows them to lay their eggs in arid environments rather than in water?
A) development of the brain from ectoderm
B) yolk
C) amnion
D) gastrulation

back 33

Answer: C

front 34

Which of the following best describes a model organism?
A) It has been chosen for study by early biologists.
B) It is small, inexpensive to raise, and lives a long time.
C) It is well studied, it is easy to grow, and results are widely applicable.
D) It is often pictured in textbooks and easy for students to imagine.

back 34

Answer: C

front 35

Which of the following model systems is an adult organism that has fewer than 1,000 cells?
A) chickens, Gallus domesticus
B) African clawed frogs, Xenopus laevis
C) nematodes, Caenorhabditis elegans
D) fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster

back 35

Answer: C

front 36

The arrangement of organs and tissues in their characteristic places in 3-D space defines
A) pattern formation.
B) induction.
C) differentiation.
D) determination.

back 36

Answer: A

front 37

Most of the neurons in the human brain are
A) sensory neurons.
B) motor neurons.
C) interneurons.
D) auditory neurons.

back 37

Answer: C

front 38

The operation of the sodium-potassium "pump" moves
A) sodium and potassium ions into the cell.
B) sodium and potassium ions out of the cell.
C) sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out of the cell.
D) sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell.

back 38

Answer: D

front 39

Which of the following statements about action potentials is correct?
A) Action potentials for a given neuron vary in magnitude.
B) Movement of ions during the action potential occurs mostly through the sodium pump.
C) Action potentials for a given neuron vary in duration.
D) Action potentials are propagated down the length of the axon.

back 39

Answer: D

front 40

In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are released by
A) the dendritic membrane.
B) the presynaptic membrane.
C) axon hillocks.
D) cell bodies.

back 40

Answer: B

front 41

Why are action potentials usually conducted in one direction?
A) The nodes of Ranvier conduct potentials in one direction.
B) The brief refractory period prevents reopening of voltage-gated Na+ channels.
C) The axon hillock has a higher membrane potential than the terminals of the axon.
D) Ions can flow along the axon in only one direction.

back 41

Answer: B

front 42

Action potentials move along axons
A) more slowly in axons of large than in small diameter.
B) by the direct action of acetylcholine on the axonal membrane.
C) by activating the sodium-potassium "pump" at each point along the axonal membrane.
D) more rapidly in myelinated than in non-myelinated axons.

back 42

Answer: D

front 43

The neuronal membrane is at its resting potential at label
A) A.
B) B.
C) D.
D) E.

back 43

Answer: D

front 44

The minimum graded depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels is indicated by the label
A) A.
B) B.
C) D.
D) E.

back 44

Answer: A

front 45

The cell is not hyperpolarized; however, repolarization is in progress, as the sodium channels are closing or closed, and many potassium channels have opened at label
A) B.
B) C.
C) D.
D) E.

back 45

Answer: B

front 46

For a neuron with an initial membrane potential at -70 mV, an increase in the movement of potassium ions out of that neuron's cytoplasm would result in
A) the depolarization of the neuron.
B) the hyperpolarization of the neuron.
C) the replacement of potassium ions with sodium ions.
D) the replacement of potassium ions with calcium ions.

back 46

Answer: B

front 47

Which of the following is a direct result of depolarizing the presynaptic membrane of an axon terminal?
A) Voltage-gated calcium channels in the membrane open.
B) Synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane.
C) The postsynaptic cell produces an action potential.
D) Ligand-gated channels open, allowing neurotransmitters to enter the synaptic cleft.

back 47

Answer: A

front 48

Neurotransmitters are released from axon terminals via
A) osmosis.
B) active transport.
C) diffusion.
D) exocytosis.

back 48

Answer: D

front 49

Choose the correct match of glial cell type and function.
A) astrocytesmetabolize neurotransmitters and modulate synaptic effectiveness
B) oligodendrocytesproduce the myelin sheaths of myelinated neurons in the peripheral nervous system
C) microgliaproduce the myelin sheaths of myelinated neurons in the central nervous system
D) radial gliathe source of immunoprotection against pathogens.

back 49

Answer: A

front 50

Myelinated neurons are especially abundant in the
A) gray matter of the brain and the white matter of the spinal cord.
B) white matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord.
C) gray matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord.
D) white matter in the brain and the white matter in the spinal cord.

back 50

Answer: D

front 51

The myelin sheath plays an important role in neuron structure and function. However, when the myelin sheath is missing or not fully intact, there are consequences. There are many conditions that cause demyelination of neurons, some are autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, and others are hereditary. The symptoms of these conditions vary, but often include speech impairment and difficulty coordinating movement. Which of the following correctly connects the symptoms of demyelination with the process of nerve impulse transmission?
A) Demyelination prevents the formation of an action potential in sensory neurons that transmit signals from the environment to the central nervous system.
B) Demyelination slows nerve impulse transmission.
C) Demyelination prevents the uptake of neurotransmitters needed to propagate a message to the next neuron.
D) Demyelination targets the central nervous system.

back 51

Answer: B

front 52

Increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system leads to
A) decreased heart rate.
B) increased secretion by the pancreas.
C) relaxation of the airways in the lungs.
D) increased contraction of the stomach.

back 52

Answer: C

front 53

The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have
A) a complete gut.
B) bilateral symmetry.
C) radial symmetry.
D) a closed circulatory system.

back 53

Answer: C

front 54

In a cephalized invertebrate, the system that transmits "efferent" impulses from the anterior ganglion to distal segments is the
A) central nervous system.
B) peripheral nervous system.
C) autonomic nervous system.
D) parasympathetic nervous system.

back 54

Answer: B

front 55

Which of the following structures or regions is correctly paired with its function?
A) limbic systemmotor control of speech
B) medulla oblongataemotional memory
C) cerebellumhomeostatic control
D) corpus callosumcommunication between the left and right cerebral cortices

back 55

Answer: D

front 56

Calculation, contemplation, and cognition are human activities associated with increased activity in the
A) pituitary gland.
B) hypothalamus.
C) cerebrum.
D) cerebellum.

back 56

Answer: C

front 57

The unconscious control of respiration and circulation are associated with the
A) thalamus.
B) cerebellum.
C) medulla oblongata.
D) corpus callosum.

back 57

Answer: C

front 58

Central coordination of vertebrate biological rhythms in physiology and behavior reside in the
A) pituitary gland.
B) hypothalamus.
C) cerebrum.
D) cerebellum.

back 58

Answer: B

front 59

Wakefulness is regulated by the reticular formation, which is present in the
A) basal nuclei.
B) cerebral cortex.
C) brainstem.
D) limbic system.

back 59

Answer: C

front 60

Which of the following shows a brain structure correctly paired with one of its primary functions?
A) frontal lobedecision making
B) occipital lobecontrol of skeletal muscles
C) temporal lobevisual processing
D) cerebellumlanguage comprehension

back 60

Answer: A

front 61

Bipolar disorder differs from schizophrenia in that
A) schizophrenia typically involves hallucinations.
B) schizophrenia typically involves manic and depressive states.
C) schizophrenia typically involves decreased dopamine.
D) bipolar disorder involves both genes and environment.

back 61

Answer: A

front 62

One of the complications of Alzheimer's disease is an interference with learning and memory. This disease would most likely involve ________.
A) changes in the concentration of ions in the extracellular fluid surrounding neurons
B) molecular and structural changes at synapses
C) changes in myelination of axons
D) structural changes to ion channels in axons

back 62

Answer: B

front 63

A behavioral physiologist is studying the homeostatic control of blood pH. In atrial, a lizard runs on a treadmill for a set amount of time and the blood pH is measured. The blood pH drops as carbon dioxide is released into the bloodstream.Which component of the homeostatic feedback system is responsible for deciding if the blood pH is far enough from normal that a response is necessary?
A) assimilator
B) sensor
C) effector
D) integrator

back 63

Answer: D

front 64

Immediately after putting on a shirt, your skin might feel itchy. However, this perception soon fades due to
A) sensory adaptation.
B) accommodation.
C) the increase of transduction.
D) reduced motor unit recruitment.

back 64

Answer: A

front 65

Hair cells in the vertebrate ear are responsible for transducing sound pressure waves. Ion channels in the hair cell membrane open when ________.
A) a chemical ligand binds to the ion channel
B) light is absorbed by a molecule in the membrane
C) the membrane is distorted mechanically
D) the cell membrane reaches a threshold voltage

back 65

Answer: C

front 66

Sensory transduction of light in the vertebrate retina is accomplished by
A) ganglion cells.
B) amacrine cells.
C) bipolar cells.
D) rods and cones.

back 66

Answer: D

front 67

Which sensory distinction is not encoded by a difference in neuron identity?
A) white and red
B) red and green
C) loud and faint
D) salty and sweet

back 67

Answer: C

front 68

The contraction of skeletal muscles is based on
A) myosin cross-bridges binding to actin and then flexing.
B) myosin filaments coiling up to become shorter.
C) actin and myosin filaments both coiling up to become shorter.
D) actin cross-bridges binding to myosin and then flexing.

back 68

Answer: A

front 69

A skeletal muscle deprived of adequate ATP supplies will
A) immediately relax.
B) release all actin-myosin bonds.
C) enter a state where actin and myosin are unable to separate.
D) fire many more action potentials than usual and enter a state of "rigor."

back 69

Answer: C

front 70

Which of the following is the correct sequence that describes the excitation and contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber?

1. Tropomyosin shifts and unblocks the cross-bridge binding sites.
2. Calcium is released and binds to the troponin complex.
3. Transverse tubules depolarize the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
4. The thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments by the heads of the myosin molecules using energy from ATP.
5. An action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release acetylcholine, which depolarizes the muscle cell membrane.

A) 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5
B) 2 → 1 → 3 → 5 → 4
C) 2 → 3 → 4 → 1 → 5
D) 5 → 3 → 2 → 1 → 4

back 70

Answer: D

front 71

What would happen to people exposed to a chemical warfare agent that blocked acetylcholine from binding to muscle receptors?
A) Muscle contractions could still occur, but relaxation of the muscle would be impaired.
B) Muscle contractions would be prevented, causing paralysis.
C) Action potentials would be continuously generated, causing convulsive muscle contractions.
D) Action potentials would be continuously generated, causing convulsive muscle contractions; muscle contractions would then be prevented, causing paralysis.

back 71

Answer: B

front 72

An endoskeleton is the primary body support for the
A) annelids, including earthworms.
B) insects, including beetles.
C) cartilaginous fishes, including sharks.
D) bivalves, including clams.

back 72

Answer: C

front 73

Chitin is a major component of
A) the skeleton of mammals.
B) the hydrostatic skeletons of earthworms.
C) the exoskeleton of insects.
D) the body hairs of mammals.

back 73

Answer: C

front 74

What type of signal is long-lasting and works at night?
A) olfactory
B) visual
C) auditory
D) tactile

back 74

Answer: A

front 75

A stickleback fish will attack a fish model as long as the model has red coloring. What animal behavior idea is manifested by this observation?
A) sign stimulus
B) cognition
C) imprinting
D) classical conditioning

back 75

Answer: A

front 76

Which of the following experiments best addresses the hypothesis that moths stop flying in response to high-intensity bat sounds?
A) Isolate and characterize the neurons that control flight muscle.
B) Put bats and moths in an enclosure and make detailed observations of predator-prey interactions.
C) Observe responses of moths to bats in nature.
D) Play prerecorded high-intensity bat sounds to flying moths.

back 76

Answer: D

front 77

The proximate causes of behavior are interactions with the environment, but behavior is ultimately shaped by
A) hormones.
B) evolution.
C) sexuality.
D) pheromones.

back 77

Answer: B

front 78

Listed below are several examples of types of animal behavior. Match the letter of the correct term (A-E) to each example in the following question.

A. operant conditioning
B. agonistic behavior
C. innate behavior
D. imprinting
E. altruistic behavior

Through trial and error, a rat learns to run a maze without mistakes to receive a food reward.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

back 78

Answer: A

front 79

Listed below are several examples of types of animal behavior. Match the letter of the correct term (A-E) to each example in the following question.

A. operant conditioning
B. agonistic behavior
C. innate behavior
D. imprinting
E. altruistic behavior

A human baby performs a sucking behavior perfectly when it is put in the presence of the nipple of its mother's breast.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

back 79

Answer: C

front 80

Listed below are several examples of types of animal behavior. Match the letter of the correct term (A-E) to each example in the following question.

A. operant conditioning
B. agonistic behavior
C. innate behavior
D. imprinting
E. altruistic behavior

Upon observing a golden eagle flying overhead, a sentry prairie dog gives a warning call to other foraging members of the prairie dog community.
A) B
B) C
C) D
D) E

back 80

Answer: D

front 81

Every morning at the same time, John went into the den to feed his new tropical fish. After a few weeks, he noticed that the fish swam to the top of the tank when he entered the room. This is an example of
A) cognition.
B) imprinting.
C) classical conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.

back 81

Answer: C

front 82

One way to understand how early environment influences differing behaviors in similar species is through the "cross-fostering" experimental technique. Suppose that the curly-whiskered mud rat differs from the bald mud rat in several ways, including being much more aggressive. How would you set up a cross-fostering experiment to determine if environment plays a role in the curly-whiskered mud rat's aggression?
A) You would cross curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats and hand-rear the offspring to see if any grew up to be aggressive.
B) You would place newborn curly-whiskered mud rats with bald mud rat parents, place newborn bald mud rats with curly-whiskered mud rat parents, and let some mud rats of both species be raised by their own species. Then you would compare the outcomes.
C) You would remove the offspring of curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats from their parents, raise them in the same environment, and then compare the outcomes.
D) You would see if curly-whiskered mud rats bred true for aggression.

back 82

Answer: B

front 83

Which of the following is true of innate behaviors?
A) Their expression is only weakly influenced by genes.
B) They occur with or without environmental stimuli.
C) They are limited to invertebrate animals.
D) They are expressed in most individuals in a population.

back 83

Answer: D

front 84

Although many chimpanzees live in environments containing oil palm nuts, members of only a few populations use stones to crack open the nuts. The likely explanation is that
A) the behavioral difference is caused by genetic differences between populations.
B) members of different populations have different nutritional requirements.
C) the cultural tradition of using stones to crack nuts has arisen in only some populations.
D) members of different populations differ in learning ability.

back 84

Answer: C

front 85

Female spotted sandpipers aggressively court males and, after mating, leave the clutch of young for the male to incubate. This sequence may be repeated several times with different males until no available males remain, forcing the female to incubate her last clutch. Which of the following terms best describes this behavior?
A) monogamy
B) polygyny
C) polyandry
D) promiscuity

back 85

Answer: C

front 86

Feeding behavior with a high energy intake-to-expenditure ratio is called
A) optimal foraging.
B) autotrophy.
C) heterotrophy.
D) search scavenging.

back 86

Answer: A

front 87

Which of the following is most likely associated with the evolution of mating systems?
A) population density.
B) territoriality.
C) certainty of paternity.
D) sexual dimorphism.

back 87

Answer: D

front 88

Which of the following best describes "game theory" as it applies to animal behavior?
A) The fitness of a particular behavior is influenced by other behavioral phenotypes in a population.
B) The total of all of the behavioral displays, both male and female, is related to courtship.
C) An individual in a population changes a behavioral phenotype to gain a competitive advantage.
D) The play behavior performed by juveniles allows them to perfect adult behaviors that are needed for survival, such as hunting, courtship, and so on.

back 88

Answer: A

front 89

The color of throats of males in a population of side-blotched lizards is determined by
A) the success of the mating behavior of each of the throat color phenotypes.
B) ambient temperature: blue = cold; orange = normal; yellow = hot.
C) stage of development/maturity.
D) their receptiveness to mate.

back 89

Answer: A

front 90

Animals that help other animals of the same species
A) have excess energy reserves.
B) are bigger and stronger than the other animals.
C) are usually related to the other animals.
D) are always male.

back 90

Answer: C

front 91

(DIAGRAM) In the figure above, which of the following conclusions is most logical based on the data?
A) Females produce more eggs more quickly when exposed to breeding males.
B) Females produce eggs more quickly when exposed to many males than females paired with a male.
C) After four weeks together, females with males produce mature follicles to the same extent as females without males.
D) All non-isolated females do just as well as isolated females.

back 91

Answer: A