Approximately 80% of the energy used for active transport is devoted to the reabsorption of _____.

Sodium

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

a system that regulates the rate of filtrate formation and systemic blood pressure

Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate?
A) ions, such as sodium and potassium
B) blood cells and large particles
C) nitrogenous waste particles, such as urea
D) water and small solutes

B. Blood cells and large particles

What is the primary driving force that produces glomerular filtration?

hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)

Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged?
A) creatinine
B) glucose
C) protein
D) chloride

C. Protein

If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease?

Decrease

Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure = 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure =25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure =10 mm Hg.

25 mm Hg

Which of the following best describes glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
A) the volume of urine leaving the kidneys per minute
B) the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute
C) the volume of filtrate created at the glomerulus per liter of blood flowing through the glomerular capillaries
D) the volume of blood flowing through the glomerular capillaries per minute

B. the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute

GFR regulation mechanisms primarily affect which of the following?
A) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg)
B) blood osmotic pressure (OPg)
C) capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc)
D) capsular osmotic pressure (OPc)

A. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg)

Macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) regulate GFR through which intrinsic mechanism?

tubuloglomerular feedback

The myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation primarily involves smooth muscle in which blood vessels?

afferent arterioles

What does a high concentration of NaCl in the renal tubule at the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) most likely indicate?

insufficient NaCl reabsorption due to high GFR

Through the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism, how would an increase in filtrate NaCl concentration affect afferent arteriole diameter?

Afferent arteriole diameter would decrease.

Granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) regulate GFR indirectly through which mechanism?

renin-angiotensin mechanism

A non-fasting urine sample from an individual who has previously ingested donuts and a soft drink showed the presence of sugar (glucose). Which of the following statement explains the presence of the glucose in the urine?

The individual exceeded the transport maximum.

Which part of the brain controls the micturition reflex?

Pons

The frequency of cystitis in men is lower than in women because ______.

the male urethra is longer than the female urethra

Urinary incontinence may occur if a person has ______.

an overactive detrusor muscle

True or False

Urea is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle.

False

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to ________.

an increase in the production of ADH

True or False

Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate.

True

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.

by a decrease in the blood pressure

Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?
A) Na+
B) K+
C) Glucose
D) Creatinine

Creatinine

The renal ___________ is continuous with the ureter.

Pelvis

Which gland sits atop each kidney?

Adrenal

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for ______

regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure

True or False

The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle.

True

True or False

The terminal portion of the urinary system is the urethra.

True

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce ____________________.

Urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions

True or False

The ureter transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

True

The ability to concentrate urine depends on the functions of ____________________.

Loop of henle (or the collecting duct)

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________

is drained by an efferent arteriole

The descending limb of the loop of Henle contains ________.

fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla

Urine passes through the ________.

pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra

Tubular reabsorption ________.

by active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradient

Urea transport into the medullary collecting duct is enhanced by ________.

ADH

True or False

Urine is 95% water by volume.

True

True or False

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to sodium chloride and actively transports water into the surrounding interstitial fluids.

False