Skin protect deeper tissues in forms of

chemical biologically and is a physical/mechanical barrier

skin helps get rid of

heat and holds heat

skin has many receptors that

detect change

skin absorbs V-D that

increases active absorption of calcium

Body temperature regulation if temperature increases

blood flow and sweet increase

Body temperature regulation if temperature decreases

blood flow decreases

Artrtiavenous anastomosis is a

connection

cardinal sign of tissue damage

anytime there is tissue damage

inflammation blood flow increases and capillaries become more

permeable

inflammation is a Reaction of living tissue

damage

when you cut into the dermis you cut

blood vessles

in healing of cuts fibroblasts migrate into area and make

collagen fibers

the symptoms of a first degree burn is

redness, swelling and pain

symptoms in second degree burn

blistering, redness swelling and pain healing time a month

symptoms in third degree burn

destroy epidermis and dermis loss of skin discoloration loss of fluid burn area is not painful but surrounding areas are high infection rate

Fibroblast make collagen fibers to

speed healing binding edges of wound

remove dead tissue and debris

Phagocytic cells in skin

- is limited to epidermis, sun exposures no scaring sunburn

1st degree burn injury

damage to epidermis and dermis Blistering 3-4 weeks heal time

2nd degree burns

biggest concern on a 3rd degree burn is

loss of fluids leading to dehydration and infection

grafted skin may be attacked by immune system using what kind of treatments?

homograph

corey was in texas and burned shoulders bad couldnt wear a

shirt

treatment of skin from same person places over burns

Autograph

treatment of cadaver skin. skin substitute non skin membrane

Homograph grafting

Rule of 9 is

analyzing burn damage body regions cover 9% or multiply of 9%

the whole head makes up % of body

9% 4 1/2% front and back

Total trunk makes up % of body

36% 18% front and back

each arm makes up % of body

9% 4 1/2 % front and back

each leg is % of body

9% 18% front and back total legs is 36%

perineum is % of body

1%

Scabs are

dried clotted blood

in deeper cuts blood vessels broken pooled blood clots when blood slows down fibroblast make fibers to bind wound together blood vessels regrow in area phagocytes remove dead tissues damaged tissue is replace by new tissue

Healing process

In bone you have living cells so bone is

A living tissue

Mane function is to make

framework and structure for the body

muscles pull on bones to cause

movement

are living, dynamic tissues that are constantly changing

Bones

is a slow process

repairing cartlege

lacuna are openings in the

cartilage matrec is wear the cells libe

Skeletal bones account for % of body mass

20%

Support (framework)protection. Movement. Storage. Minerals. Growth factors. Lipids. Blood cell formation

Functions of bone

No nerves or blood vessels. Chondrocytes in lacunae.

Skeletal Cartilages

perichondrium is what kind of tissue

dense irregular tissue

perichondrium is not found around

articular or fibrocartilage cartliage

perichondrium has

nerve endings and is vascular

Chondrocytes in the lacunae

maintain cartilage matrix

is mostly dense irregular tissue that surrounds cartilage

Perichondrium

Peri means

around

Perichondrium is

vascular

is not around fibrocartilage or articular cartilage

Perichondrium

is hyaline cartilage that is on an articulated surface of a bone

Articular cartilage

cartilage growth ceases in adolescents when

skeleton stops growing

two bones come together

Articular surface

mostly dense irregular tissue that surrounds cartilage. Have nerves and blood vessels. Not present around fibrocartilage or articular cartilage.

Perichondrium

The flexible matrix of cartilage can accommodate cellular growth via mitosis

Cartilage Growth

growth outside along and around edges

Appositional growth

when chondroblast convert into chondrocytes you?

you stop growing chondrocytes maintain

chondroblast are

cells that form cartilage that produce the cartilage matrix

growth in the middle of the cartilage interior

Interstitial growth

Cartilage growth

usually ceases in late adolescence when skeleton stops growing

Compact (cortical) matrix is Dense thick and smooth in appearance

Osseous (Bone) Tissue:

common name for compact bone is

cortical

common name for spongy bone is

cancellous

Cells that form cartilage that produce the cartilage matrix

Chrondroblast

when chrondroblast convert into chondrocytes

You stop growing

thick Dense and smooth in appearance

Osseous (Bone) Tissue: Compact bone (cortical)

Open, sponge-like appearance & Trabeculae are thin branching bars. Inner portion of the bone

Spongy (Cancellous) bone

Trabeculae meaning

arms

bone forming cells builds bone. Matrix-synthesizing cell responsible for bone growth

Osteoblast Bone Cells

break down bone matrix

Osteoclast

less active and maintain the matrix

Osteocyte

produce the bone matrix

Osteoblast

maintains bone. Less active Mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix

Osteocyte Bone Cells

breaks down bone. Bone-reabsorbing cell

Osteoclast Bone Cells

organic collagen fibers

Osteoids

Hydroxylapatite & Osteoids are important for

function of bone

Hydroxylapatite give bone

its hardness

organic parts collagen fibers

Matrix Osteoid

calcium- phosphate salts give bone its hardness resist compression

Hydroxylapatite

Osteoid & Hydroxylapatite are important because?

Of Function of bone tention, tortion and compression

means pulling or stretching forces because of collagen fibers resist

Tension

bones are subject to these 3 types

torsion,tension & compression

means a twisting force bones are not as strong muscle pulls falling down bone breaks because of this

Torsion

means pushing or compact force bones are strong like jumping when you land

Compression

Bone breaks because of

torsional stress

Bone Tissue Components The organic portion helps

bone to resist stretching and twisting

Bone Tissue Components The inorganic portion

helps bone to resist compression

compact Bone organized in units called

osteons.

Spongy Bone Microscopy ??? are scattered throughout trabeculae, not arranged around osteons.

Osteocytes

Canaliculi are small canals that allow pathways for

diffusion of nutrients to the cells in the lacuna

Canaliculis is

a small canal

Spongy Bone Microscopy ??? travel through trabeculae

Canaliculi

outer layer Covered by periosteum or articular cartilage.

Compact bone

Compact bone is organized in units called

osteons also known as haversian systems

surrounding the central canal are layers of bone matrix called

Lamellae

an osteon is a cylindrical unit with a hollow passageway in the middle called

a central canal

in between the Lamellae there are small openings where cells live are called

lacune

Compact bone have

osteons

is the basic unit of structure of compact bone

An Osteon

???? and its concentrically arranged ????constituting the basic unit of structure in compact bone

a haversian canal & lamellae,

Canaliculi means

Narrow passageways that allow nutrients diffuse into the osteocytes lacuna

Canaliculi means

small canals

cells that maintain the bone matrix are called

osteocytes

in the Lacuna of an osteon the cells are called

osteocytes

are microscopic structures found in compact bone. They run within the osteons which are perpendicular to the Haversian canals, Perforating canals also carry small arteries throughout the bone

Volkmann’s canals

are short layers of bone matrix in-between the osteons

Interstitial Lamellae

long outside around the edge of matrix

Circumferential lamellae

have the same structure in the lamellae inside osteons

Interstitial Lamellae & Circumferential

Does not have osteons

Spongy bone (diploë)

Four classes of bone are

long, short, flat irregular bones

Bone Structure have red bone marrow

Short, Flat, & Irregular

Spongy bone thin branches of bony matrix found in the

ends of long bones

Canaliculi travel through the

trabeculae

Trabeculae are usually composed of

dense fibrous tissue, mainly of collagen

In the spongy bone between the Trabeculae

you have red bone marrow

long axis cylinder with large ends
long as they are wide

Long Bone

looks like a cube
filled with spongy bone
does not have a long axis

Short Bone

small sesame seeds that grow inside of tendons where there is pressure or stress the patella carpals of the hand

Sesamoid bone

Sesamoid bones are

a special type of short bone grow inside of tendons

People who do a lot of shooting, athletes, using the same motion over and over, dancers stress on toes get ?? bones

Who gets Sesamoid bones?

have thin layer of spongy bone in the middle

Flat Bone

sutures of the skull where the bones interlock special type of flat bone

Sutural (wormian)

What kind of nationality of people have a high incident of suture bones

Native Americans

doesn’t fit anywhere else

Irregular Bone

outer layer of compact bone and inner medullary cavity central portion

Dadiaphis

becomes thinner and has spongy bone through out

Epiphyses compact bone

Cavity inside the Dadiaphis is called

Medullary Cavity

Medullary Cavity is lined with

Endosteum

Cortex is

outer layer

Medullar is

inner layer Middle

Compact bone is also known as

Cortical bone

in Cortical bone middle is the

medullary cavity

where the long bone lengthens or grows from

Epiphyseal plate

growth plate when young it is made of cartilage

Epiphyseal line –

have articular cartilage around outside

Epiphysis

hyaline cartilage is called articular cartilage because

the Epiphysis articulate or join with other bones

outer covering on the outside of every bone you have the

periostem

runs parallel to the long axis of the bone and carries blood vessels, nerves and lymph vessels through the bony matrix

Central(haversian) canal

inner membrane lining around the inside of every bone

endosteum

what is lined with endosteuum?

Medullary Cavity

layer that is closer to the compact bone is called the

osteogenic

the outer layer is called

fibrous layer made of dense irregular tissue

osteoblast line the outside of?

COMPACT BONE

periosteum has 2 sub layers they are

fibrous and osteogenic

sharpeys fibers makes it so the

periostium stick to compact bone

osteogenic means

bone growing

bones joined by fibrous tissue

Fibrous joint

slightly movable joints

amphiarthroses

the irregular edges of the bones interlock and are united by very short connective tissue fibers

suture

the articulating ones are connected by short ligaments of dense fibrous tissue: the bones do not interlock

syndesmoses

a tooth is secured in a bony socket y the periodontal ligament

gomphosis

freely movable joints

diarthroses

lacunae arranged in concentric circles around the central cana

Circumferential lamellae

cavity are often pared

Medullar & Cortex

Membrane inside of bones inner lining

Endosteum

what membrane is outside of compact bone outer covering

Periosteum Membrane

What membrane has 2 sub layers

Periosteum Membranes

Periosteum Membrane has 2 sub layers In long bone structure there is the

membranes and bone marrow

Periosteum Fibrous layer is an

outer layer made of dense irregular of connective tissue

has lots of osteoblast closer to the compact bone means bone growing

Periosteum Osteogenic layer

what do osteoblast do

make the bone thicker

what is an osteoblast

bone germinator

osteogenic layer consist of

primarily of bone forming cells

Osteoclast ARE

bone destroying cells, bone breakers

osteogenic cells are

stem cells

what do Sharpeys fibers do?

stick to the compact bone

Yellow Bone Marrow in medullary cavity in adults is

made of adipose tissue

Red Bone Marrow medullary cavity in children make

blood cell formation

Short Flat and irregular bones are similar in structure but they don’t have

medullary cavitys full of spongy bone

lined by the endosteum

spongy bone

Spongy bone found on the inside is refereed to as

diploe

intramembranous happens with

bones of the skull

intramembranous means

bones grow inside of membranes

endochondral means

inside of cartliege

endochondral

all the rest of the bones

Bone Development Ossification (osteogenesis)is

formation of bone tissue

Bone Development Embryonic skeleton is composed of

flexible membranes and hyaline cartilage.

What begins about 8 weeks in utero.

Ossification

Intramembranous bone development bones grows

inside of membrane it Occurs in skull and clavicles

Endochondral bone development

bones grow in the rest of the body

1st Step of Intramembranous Ossification is cells cluster together to make

an ossification center appear making osteoblast

Step 2 Intramembranous Ossification - grow ...start making Bone matrix is grow making bone and

cells become osteocytes. dividing cells blast increase in number

step 3 of Intramembranous Ossification bones make Woven bone grow together and pcscp

make spongy bone & cells along edges form the periosteum

in step 4 of Intramembranous Ossification Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to the periosteum. Red marrow appears

bone grows inside the cartilage model

Endochondral Ossification

Endochondral also known as

intracartlagionus ossification

in a long bone you start off with a primary ossification center that will become???? then forming bone collar

the diayphsis

Endochondral Ossification: Step 1 you start off with a?? and bone collar is laid down around the diaphysis of

hyaline cartilage model

Endochondral Ossification: Step 2 Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and develops cavities Cells within calcified area are cut off from nutrients and die. Cavity forms where cells died.

Ossification expands cells die

Endochondral Ossification: Step 5 The epiphyses ossify. When completed,it becomes? and articular cartilages can grow.

hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates

Long bones grow until your

20-25

Endochondral Ossification: Step 4 The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms at birth Diaphysis lengthens as bone tissue formation chases growth of hyaline cartilage. .

Diaphysis ossifies bone collar merges with bone matrix

Small bones finish growing

15-20 years old

The epiphyseal plate is really a joint between separate bones (the epiphysis and diaphysis). This is one reason why children have more bones than adults. Cartilage is weaker than bone and is more prone to breaking. Breakage can cause abnormal growth.

Long Bones in Childhood

Bone growth in childhood is mostly controlled by growth hormone.

Hyaline cartilage cells at epiphyseal plate continue to mitose, calcify, and erode. Process ceases when entire plate calcifies (15-25 years old).

growth in length of long bones occur at the .

epiphyseal plate

Hypertrophic zone .

Older cartilage cells enlarge.

Matrix becomes calcified; cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating

Calcification zone

Resting zone is a place that cells not doing anything

chondrocytes

growth in length of a long bone occurs at the

epiphyseal plate

the major driver for bone growth in children is

growth hormone a hormone produced by the pituitary gland

what zone does cartilage undergo mitosis

Proliferation zone

what zone does older cartilage cells enlarge

Hypertrophic zone

what zone does matrix becomes calcified cartilage cell dies matrix begin deteriorating

Calcification zone

Hypertrophy is

abnormal large growth

what zone does new bone formation is occurring

Ossification zone

Bone Thickening ,grows around the edges is Also known as?

appositional growth.

In Childhood the major driver for bone growth is growth hormone, A hormone produced by the

pituitary gland

appositional growth causes bone to increase in diameter. Happens in long bones

Bone Thickening / appositional growth.

In bone thickening Osteoblasts deposit bone matrix under the periosteum

the periosteum

In bone thickening Osteoclasts remove bone matrix

under endosteum.

in appositional growth osteoBlast Deposit bone matrix

under the periostum

in appositional growth osteoClast Remove bone matrix

under endosteum

are living tissues

Bones

Bones are under constant construction. skeleton are completely replaced about every 10 years

Bone Remodeling

Two main drivers for bone remodeling are

Hormonal mechanism, Mechanical stress mechanism

Hormonal Mechanism Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Produced by the

parathyroid glands

blood calcium is between 9-11 mm

In homeostasis of calcium in the blood.

Parathyroid hormone Increases when

blood calcium is low

Parathyroid hormone Causes increased activity of

osteoclasts to resorb mineral matrix

in Hormonal Mechanism What is Produced by thyroid gland?

Calcitonin

Calcitonin has a weaker effect than

PARATHYROID HORMONES

Calcitonin Increases when

blood calcium is high.

Calcitonin Causes osteoblasts to generate more

mineral matrix

Calcitonin has a weaker effect than the

Parathyroid hormone

a hormone released by apidose tissue, decreases spongy bone but increases compact bone

Leptin,

bone grows or remodels in response to the demands placed on it. Bone are strongest where stress is greatest

Wolff’s law

Astronauts who are in space need regular exercise if they don’t exercise in space they can lose What?
because they are not walking around with gravity, gravity pulls on the body causing stress to be placed on bone and the bone Does what?.

bone density decreases,,,,, bones start to thin losing bone density

bones become fragile and prone to breakage

Osteoporoetic bone

Osteoporosis occurs in??? BECAUSE OSTEOBLAST INCREASES

postmenopausal women

bone resorption outpaces bone deposit

Osteoporosis

SEX HORMONES INCREASE

OSTEOBLAST ACTIVITY

estrogen decreases testosterone & estrogen increase osteoblast decrease

post-menopausal women

Bone Fractures Despite their ability to resist tension and compression, bones sometimes fracture. Classification of fractures:

Displaced/nondisplaced Complete/incomplete Compound/simple

What are the3 types of bone cells

osteo- clast,blast & cite

osteocyte

maintain

osteoblact

build bone

osteoclast

break it down/destroy bone

as an adult osteoblast & osteoclast

producing and depositing

IS a break in the bone

fracture

in non-displaced fractures the bone

retain normal position

displaced fractures the bone have

moved out of normal position alignment

if bone is broken through it is

a complete fracture

if bone doesn't break through

an incomplete fracture

bone penetrates the skin

open compound fracture

bone doesn't penetrate skin

closed compound simple fracture

ragged break occurs when twisting is applied to bone common sports enjury

spiral fracture

Bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks. Only one side of the shaft breaks, the other side bends.

greenstick

broken bone pressed inward common skull fracture

Depressed fracture

bone is crushed

compression fracture

epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphseal plate

epiphseal fracture

bone fragments into three or more pieces

comminuted fracture

in bone repair realigned of broken ends means

Reduction

in bone repair When ends are manually repositioned means

closed reduction

in bone repair When ends are secured surgically with hardware

open reduction

in bone repair When broken ends held in place occurs with a cast

immobilization

small breaks on small bones take

6-8 weeks to heal

First step in bone repair is

a hematoma forms

second step in bone repair is

soft fibrocalagionus callus forms

third step in bone repair is

bony callus forms

fourth step in bone repair is

bone remodeling occurs

tolerates repeated bending
ex. external ear and epiglottis

Elastic cartilage

Provides sturdy support with some resilience or "give"

Hyaline Cartilage

which cover the one ends at movable joints

Articular cartilage

bones of the limbs or appendages

Appendicular Skeleton

those one that lie around the body's center of gravity

Axial Skeleton

a thin area of hyaline cartilage that provides for longitudinal growth of the bone during youth

epiphyseal plate

thin bone covering the epiphyseal plate after the growth stops

epiphyseal line

Forms the long axis of the bone. it is constructed of a thick collar of compact bone that surrounds a central Medullary cavity or marrow cavity.

Diaphysis

are the bone ends.

Epiphyses

involve Parathyroid horamone (PTH) is released when blood level of ionic calcium decline.

Hormanal influences: Primary

Internal bone surface are covered with a delicate connective tissue mambrane

Endosteum (en-dos te um)

reduction in rate of bone formation.

Osteoporosis

Inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by pus-forming bacteria that enter the body via a wound.

Osteomyelitis

A prominence or projection

Process

A hematoma forms
Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
bony callus forms
bone remodeling occurs

Fractures and healing process

A large somewhat blunt process

Trochanter

a nodule or small rounded process

Tubercle

A rounded prominence that articulates with another bone.

condyle

A groove

Sulcus

A sharp prominent bony ridge

Crest

a smooth nearly flat articular surface

Facet

A depression, often used as an articular surface

Fossa

A pit generally used for attachment rather than for articulation.

Fovea

A hole

Foramen

A canal

Meatus

the articulating bone ends are connected by a plate or pad of cartilage

cartilaginous joints

the bones are connected by a broad,flat disc of fibrocartilage

symphyses

the bony portions are united by hyaline cartilage

synchondroses

those in which the articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid

synovial joint

When it comes to movement and stability synarthrosis are

very stable

When it comes to movement and stability amphiarthrosis are

moderately stable

When it comes to movement and stability diarthrosis are

less stable

diarthrosis are what kind of joints

freelt movable

amphiarthrosis are what kind of joints

slightly movable

synarthrosis are what kind of joints

immovable

in structural classification fibrous joints are

bones attached by dense connective tissue

in structural classification cartilaginous joints are

bones held together by cartilage, bones attached by a pad or plate

in structural classification snyovial joints are

bones separated by a cavity converted by cartilage and attached by dense connective tissue

most complex structural joint

synovial joint

if you compare functional and structural classifications of joints fibrous joints are almost always

synarthrosis immovable

if you compare functional and structural classifications of joints cartilaginous are almost always

amphiarthrosis slightly movable

if you compare functional and structural classifications of joints synovial joints are always

diarthrosis freely movable

narrow opening

fissure

Raised area on or above a condyle

Epicondyle

Where 2 bones meet

Joint

Only moves in 1 direction e.g Elbow

Hinge joint

Slight movement

Gliding joint

Incases the synovial fluid

Synovial membrane

Lubricates joints

Synovial fluid

Connects bones to bones. Stretchy

Ligaments

Connects bones to muscles. Not stretchy

Tendons

Pair of muscles that work together to move bones at a joint.

Antagonistic pair

Get smaller

Contract

get larger

relax

Disease that makes the bones rub together.

Arthritis

Bones get brittle because of lack of calcium.

Osteoporosis

WHAT CHARACTERISTICS DO ALL JOINTS HAVE IN COMMON?

MOVEMENT

IN WHICH DIRECTION DOES THE SHOULDER USUALLY DISLOCATE?

DOWNWARD DISPLACEMENT OF THE HUMEROUS

BONES ARE FORCED OUT OF THEIR NORMAL POSITION IN THE JOINT CAVITY

DISLOCATION.

JOINTS BETWEEN PROXIMAL PHALANGES AND METACARPAL BONES

CONDYLOID

DESCRIBE THE TISSUE TYPE AND FUNCTION OF THE FOLLOWING STRUCTURES IN RELATION TO A SYNOVIAL JOINT:bursa

BURSA

Fibrous connective tissue; the bursa prevents friction within the joints

DESCRIBE THE TISSUE TYPE AND FUNCTION OF THE FOLLOWING STRUCTURES IN RELATION TO A SYNOVIAL JOINT:
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

SOFT CONNECTIVE TISSUE; The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid which serves to lubricate the joint and reduce the friction between bones in joints

DESCRIBE THE TISSUE TYPE AND FUNCTION OF THE FOLLOWING STRUCTURES IN RELATION TO A SYNOVIAL JOINT:

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

CONNECTIVE TISSUE; To cusion the bones from rubbing and smacking on each other. It also allows gliding motion.

CHARACTERIZED BY CARTILAGE CONNECTING THE BONY PORTIONS

CARTILAGINOUS

typically ALLOWS A SLIGHT DEGREE OF MOVEMENT

CARTILAGINOUS

requirements for healthy bone

physical stress

bone density increases with

repetitive stressors

in terms of bone health which is better swimming? or weightlifting?

weightlifting

repetitive stress can cause an increase in

bone density and strength

astronauts lose what in space

bone density

calcium is needed for what?

bone matrix

what is needed calcium absorption

Vit-D

Vit- A is needed for
bone cannot grow without

Osteoblast & Osteoclast functioning

Vit-C is needed for
bone is thin and brittle without

collagen synthesis

rickets is common in 3rd world countries and it is common in children that have

inadequate minerals bones become soft caused of lack of calcium

bone has a lot of

collagen fibers

growth hormone is produced by the

pituitary gland

pituitary gland stimulates

mitosis of cells in the cartilage

encourages replacement of cartilage with bone

thiroxin

when growth plates close

growing stops

promote formation of bone tissue like testosterone and estrogen

sex hormones gonads

regulate bone density based on blood calcium

parathyroid glands & Calcitonin

promote osteoblast activity increase so you lay down more bone matrix

sex hormones

when blood calcium levels get low it increases osteoclast activity bone matrix is reduces

PTH Parathyroid Hormone

is released when calcium blood levels are high causing osteoblast to increase activity

Calcitonin Thyroid gland

Thyroid gland is also named

CalcitoninThyroid gland

Movement away from the mid-line of the body

abduction

Movement towards the mid-line of the body

adduction

Bending the limbs at a joint.

flexion

A circular movement around a fixed point

rotation

Weakest part of the skeleton

Joints

Fancy name for joint is

articulation

Articulations are junction between

bone

Functional classification Synarthroses

immovable joints skull

Functional classification Amphiarthroses

slightly movable spine

Functional classification Diarthroses

freely movable fingers wrist sholders

Syndesmosis means

bones are connected by a ligament

The functional classification is based on

the amount of movement allowed

Cartilaginous joints are almost always

Amphiarthroses

Fibrous joints are almost always

synarthroses

Synovial joints are almost always

Diarthroses

Synchondroses hyaline cartilage common in the

epiphyseal plate Cartilaginous

Three types of fibrous joints are

Suture, Syndesmosis, Gomphosis

Symphyses articular/joint fibro cartilage grow together

Cartilaginous joints

Syndesmos is

ligament

is connected by lose connective tissue soft tissue

Synovial membrane

the articulating bone ends are connected by a plate or pad of cartilage
38

cartilaginous joints

bones joined by fibrous tissue

Fibrous joint

articular disc wedge or disc of fibrocartilage fits joint & stabilize reduce ware. inproves fit of a joint

Meniscus

Synovial fluid carries nutrients to

articular cartilage

Meniscus found in the

tmj scj acj distal ruj and knee

its an extension sits between soft tissue and bone extension of snoyvial membrane

Bursa sac of snoyvial fluid

modified bursa that wraps around tendon bun around hotdog protects the tendon from abrasion and ware

Tendon sheath

6 types of snyovila joints

plane, hinge pivot condyloid saddle ball and socket

Gliding flat or slightly curved carpal joints ankle joints

Plane joint

concave surface fits around convex movement of single plane elbow joint

Hinge joint

convex sits inside a

concave bone

cylindrical fits in ring twisting of axis c1/c2

Pivot joints

movement multiple planes radiocarpal joints

Condyloid ellispsoidal joint

are shape ligaments and muscles that cross affect the mobility of the joint

Factors that affect mobility

those in which the articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid

synovial joint

abduction of the spine left or right

lateral flexion

adduction of the spine

reduction

Run longitudinally through each muscle fiber
Surrounding by a sheath of sacoplasmic reticule (calcium ions)

Myofibrils
Myofilments are the contractile units that run through the myofibrils (actin,myosin)

what joint disease does a trex suffer from

gout

What tissue is is striated long cells and is voluntary

Skeletal tissue

What tissue is short has branched cells intercalated discs and is involuntary

Cardiac tissue

what tissue is thin tapered cells with no straiations and is involuntary

Smooth tissue

Excitability, Contractility, Extensibility and Elasticity are all Characteristics of what?

Muscle Tissue

In muscle tissue excitability means what?

the ability to respond to a stimulus

are you an ptmosist your an excitable

In muscle tissue contractility means what?

to contract and shorten unique to muscle

In muscle tissue extensibility means what?

pull beyond its normal resting. strechy

In muscle tissue elasticity means what?

snap back to resting position

Myo and Mys mean myofillment myofibral
epimysiom perimysom endomysiom

Muscle

MYS means

mouse

Sarco means
sacroplasm, sacrolemma, sacromear

Fleash

lemma means

husk

Muscle Fiber for skeletal/smooth muscle means

CELL

Movement ,Maintaning Posture, Stablizing Joints , Generating heat are what?

Majore Functions of Muscle

Cardiac and smoothe cause what kind of movement

internal Movement

Keeps bones in place is what major function of muscle

stablizing joints

Pulling muscles on bones is what major function of muscle

Movement

Cause compression of organs or the lungs cannot inflate if you done correctly use causing a disfunction this major function of muscle

Maintaing Posture

whole muscle is wrapped by

epimysium sheaths

each fascicle has its own connective tissue covering

perimysium sheaths

inside the perimysiun muscle fibers cells are wrapped by

endomysium sheaths

a whole muscle is an

organ

muscles contract or shiver with short rapid contraction is what major function of muscle

generatng heat

tendon what connects muscle to bone? and has what kind of tissue

Tendon dense regular tissue

Muscle attaches to

skeleton

if a tendon is connect muscle to bone its called an

indirect attachment

the differences between a tendon and an aponeurosis is

shape

tendon shape is like a

rope

is a point of attachment that dosnt move during contraction

origin attachment

is a point of attachment that does move during attachment

insertion attachment

insert during contractions insertions towords moves origions

the plasma membrane of a muscle cell gets a special name called the

sarcolemma

myfibriles cause the

contraction of muscle

sacroplasmmic reticulum main function

stores calcium ions

myoglobin store what

store oxygen

glycosomes is an inclusion that stores

glycogen

thin filaments attach directly

z disc

attach titen elastic filaments

myosin

is a chain of sarcomere attach end to end

a myfibril

sarsomere are the basic units within the

myofiber

I BANDS ARE WHAT IN COLOR

LIGHT

A BANDS ARE WHAT IN COLOR

DARKER

A BANDS ARE WHERE YOU HAVE THE

THICK MYOSIN FILLMENTS

MDURING CONTRACTION THE z DISCS MOVE

CLOSER TOGETHER

CONTRACTIONS OF MUSCLES IS DUE TO

SARCOMERES SHORTNING

ACTON SLIDE

ACROSS MYO FILLMENTS

MYOSIN ARE MADE UP OF

MYSON PROTINES

ACTON AND MYOCIN

BIND TOGETHER

is an actin-binding protein that regulates actin mechanics. It is important, among other things, for muscle contraction

TROPOMYOSIN

EVENTS AT NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

SIGNAL TERMINAL,CA++ OPEN,MOVE IN,RELEASE ACH INTO CLEFT, ACH BIND TO RECEPTORS, PERMEABILITY CHANGES

THE CONNECTION BETWEEN NERVE CELLS AND MUSCLE CELLS IS CALLED A

NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

SKELETAL MUSCLE IS

VOLUNTARY

IN REPOLARIZATION OUT AND BECOMES NEG INSIDE

TROPONIN

a complex of muscle proteins

I BANDS ARE WHERE YOU DONT HAVE

MYOSIN FILLMENTS

n muscle cells, the long coiled-coil tails of the individual myosin molecules join together, forming the thick filaments of the

sarcomere

O/I can flip depending on state of contractions of other muscles

O/I can flip depending on state of contractions of other muscles

the difference between origin and attachment

is the direction of movement that occurs

aponeurosis shape is

flat sheet

Muscles attaches to

tendons dense regular tissue

LEAK CHANNELS ALLOW MORE GOING OUT THAN NA IN

ALLOW MORE K GOING OUT THAN NA IN

MEMBRANE POTENTIAL REFEREES TO A DIFFERENCE IN CHARGE BETWEEN THE

INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF A MEMBRANE

RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL AT REST THERE IS A DIFFERENCE IN CONCENTRATION AND A DIFFERENCE IN MEMBRANE POTENTIAL SO ITS MORE

NEGATIVE INSIDE THE CELL

IN A RESTING MUSCLE CELL THE INSIDE OF THE CELL IS

NEGATIVE

AT REST ITS THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

-70mV
-k IS HIGHER INSIDE -Na IS HIGHER OUTSIDE

a change in a cell's membrane potential, making it

more positive, or less negative

highly ORGANIZED

MUSCLE TISSUE

housemaid's knee is an inflammation of the prepatellar bursa at the front of the knee It is marked by swelling at the knee, which can be tender to the touch but which does not restrict the knee's range of motion

Prepatellar bursitis