Human Anatomy and Physiology: Human Anatomy & Physiology Chap 5,6,8,9 Flashcards

Skin protect deeper tissues in forms of

skin helps get rid of

skin has many receptors that

skin absorbs V-D that

Body temperature regulation if temperature increases

Body temperature regulation if temperature decreases

Artrtiavenous anastomosis is a

cardinal sign of tissue damage

inflammation blood flow increases and capillaries become more

inflammation is a Reaction of living tissue

when you cut into the dermis you cut

in healing of cuts fibroblasts migrate into area and make

the symptoms of a first degree burn is

symptoms in second degree burn

symptoms in third degree burn

Fibroblast make collagen fibers to

remove dead tissue and debris

- is limited to epidermis, sun exposures no scaring sunburn

damage to epidermis and dermis Blistering 3-4 weeks heal time

biggest concern on a 3rd degree burn is

grafted skin may be attacked by immune system using what kind of treatments?

corey was in texas and burned shoulders bad couldnt wear a

treatment of skin from same person places over burns

treatment of cadaver skin. skin substitute non skin membrane

Rule of 9 is

the whole head makes up % of body

Total trunk makes up % of body

each arm makes up % of body

each leg is % of body

perineum is % of body

Scabs are

in deeper cuts blood vessels broken pooled blood clots when blood slows down fibroblast make fibers to bind wound together blood vessels regrow in area phagocytes remove dead tissues damaged tissue is replace by new tissue

In bone you have living cells so bone is

Mane function is to make

muscles pull on bones to cause

are living, dynamic tissues that are constantly changing

is a slow process

lacuna are openings in the

Skeletal bones account for % of body mass

Support (framework)protection. Movement. Storage. Minerals. Growth factors. Lipids. Blood cell formation

No nerves or blood vessels. Chondrocytes in lacunae.

perichondrium is what kind of tissue

perichondrium is not found around

perichondrium has

Chondrocytes in the lacunae

is mostly dense irregular tissue that surrounds cartilage

Peri means

Perichondrium is

is not around fibrocartilage or articular cartilage

is hyaline cartilage that is on an articulated surface of a bone

cartilage growth ceases in adolescents when

two bones come together

mostly dense irregular tissue that surrounds cartilage. Have nerves and blood vessels. Not present around fibrocartilage or articular cartilage.

The flexible matrix of cartilage can accommodate cellular growth via mitosis

growth outside along and around edges

when chondroblast convert into chondrocytes you?

chondroblast are

growth in the middle of the cartilage interior

Cartilage growth

Compact (cortical) matrix is Dense thick and smooth in appearance

common name for compact bone is

common name for spongy bone is

Cells that form cartilage that produce the cartilage matrix

when chrondroblast convert into chondrocytes

thick Dense and smooth in appearance

Open, sponge-like appearance & Trabeculae are thin branching bars. Inner portion of the bone

Trabeculae meaning

bone forming cells builds bone. Matrix-synthesizing cell responsible for bone growth

break down bone matrix

less active and maintain the matrix

produce the bone matrix

maintains bone. Less active Mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix

breaks down bone. Bone-reabsorbing cell

organic collagen fibers

Hydroxylapatite & Osteoids are important for

Hydroxylapatite give bone

organic parts collagen fibers

calcium- phosphate salts give bone its hardness resist compression

Osteoid & Hydroxylapatite are important because?

means pulling or stretching forces because of collagen fibers resist

bones are subject to these 3 types

means a twisting force bones are not as strong muscle pulls falling down bone breaks because of this

means pushing or compact force bones are strong like jumping when you land

Bone breaks because of

Bone Tissue Components The organic portion helps

Bone Tissue Components The inorganic portion

compact Bone organized in units called

Spongy Bone Microscopy ??? are scattered throughout trabeculae, not arranged around osteons.

Canaliculi are small canals that allow pathways for

Canaliculis is

Spongy Bone Microscopy ??? travel through trabeculae

outer layer Covered by periosteum or articular cartilage.

Compact bone is organized in units called

surrounding the central canal are layers of bone matrix called

an osteon is a cylindrical unit with a hollow passageway in the middle called

in between the Lamellae there are small openings where cells live are called

Compact bone have

is the basic unit of structure of compact bone

???? and its concentrically arranged ????constituting the basic unit of structure in compact bone

Canaliculi means

Canaliculi means

cells that maintain the bone matrix are called

in the Lacuna of an osteon the cells are called

are microscopic structures found in compact bone. They run within the osteons which are perpendicular to the Haversian canals, Perforating canals also carry small arteries throughout the bone

are short layers of bone matrix in-between the osteons

long outside around the edge of matrix

have the same structure in the lamellae inside osteons

Does not have osteons

Four classes of bone are

Bone Structure have red bone marrow

Spongy bone thin branches of bony matrix found in the

Canaliculi travel through the

Trabeculae are usually composed of

In the spongy bone between the Trabeculae

long axis cylinder with large ends
long as they are wide

looks like a cube
filled with spongy bone
does not have a long axis

small sesame seeds that grow inside of tendons where there is pressure or stress the patella carpals of the hand

Sesamoid bones are

People who do a lot of shooting, athletes, using the same motion over and over, dancers stress on toes get ?? bones

have thin layer of spongy bone in the middle

sutures of the skull where the bones interlock special type of flat bone

What kind of nationality of people have a high incident of suture bones

doesn’t fit anywhere else

outer layer of compact bone and inner medullary cavity central portion

becomes thinner and has spongy bone through out

Cavity inside the Dadiaphis is called

Medullary Cavity is lined with

Cortex is

Medullar is

Compact bone is also known as

in Cortical bone middle is the

where the long bone lengthens or grows from

growth plate when young it is made of cartilage

have articular cartilage around outside

hyaline cartilage is called articular cartilage because

outer covering on the outside of every bone you have the

runs parallel to the long axis of the bone and carries blood vessels, nerves and lymph vessels through the bony matrix

inner membrane lining around the inside of every bone

what is lined with endosteuum?

layer that is closer to the compact bone is called the

the outer layer is called

osteoblast line the outside of?

periosteum has 2 sub layers they are

sharpeys fibers makes it so the

osteogenic means

bones joined by fibrous tissue

slightly movable joints

the irregular edges of the bones interlock and are united by very short connective tissue fibers

the articulating ones are connected by short ligaments of dense fibrous tissue: the bones do not interlock

a tooth is secured in a bony socket y the periodontal ligament

freely movable joints

lacunae arranged in concentric circles around the central cana

cavity are often pared

Membrane inside of bones inner lining

what membrane is outside of compact bone outer covering

What membrane has 2 sub layers

Periosteum Membrane has 2 sub layers In long bone structure there is the

Periosteum Fibrous layer is an

has lots of osteoblast closer to the compact bone means bone growing

what do osteoblast do

what is an osteoblast

osteogenic layer consist of

Osteoclast ARE

osteogenic cells are

what do Sharpeys fibers do?

Yellow Bone Marrow in medullary cavity in adults is

Red Bone Marrow medullary cavity in children make

Short Flat and irregular bones are similar in structure but they don’t have

lined by the endosteum

Spongy bone found on the inside is refereed to as

intramembranous happens with

intramembranous means

endochondral means

endochondral

Bone Development Ossification (osteogenesis)is

Bone Development Embryonic skeleton is composed of

What begins about 8 weeks in utero.

Intramembranous bone development bones grows

Endochondral bone development

1st Step of Intramembranous Ossification is cells cluster together to make

Step 2 Intramembranous Ossification - grow ...start making Bone matrix is grow making bone and

step 3 of Intramembranous Ossification bones make Woven bone grow together and pcscp

in step 4 of Intramembranous Ossification Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to the periosteum. Red marrow appears

bone grows inside the cartilage model

Endochondral also known as

in a long bone you start off with a primary ossification center that will become???? then forming bone collar

Endochondral Ossification: Step 1 you start off with a?? and bone collar is laid down around the diaphysis of

Endochondral Ossification: Step 2 Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and develops cavities Cells within calcified area are cut off from nutrients and die. Cavity forms where cells died.

Endochondral Ossification: Step 5 The epiphyses ossify. When completed,it becomes? and articular cartilages can grow.

Long bones grow until your

Endochondral Ossification: Step 4 The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms at birth Diaphysis lengthens as bone tissue formation chases growth of hyaline cartilage. .

Small bones finish growing

The epiphyseal plate is really a joint between separate bones (the epiphysis and diaphysis). This is one reason why children have more bones than adults. Cartilage is weaker than bone and is more prone to breaking. Breakage can cause abnormal growth.

Bone growth in childhood is mostly controlled by growth hormone.

growth in length of long bones occur at the .

Hypertrophic zone .

Matrix becomes calcified; cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating

Resting zone is a place that cells not doing anything

growth in length of a long bone occurs at the

the major driver for bone growth in children is

what zone does cartilage undergo mitosis

what zone does older cartilage cells enlarge

what zone does matrix becomes calcified cartilage cell dies matrix begin deteriorating

Hypertrophy is

what zone does new bone formation is occurring

Bone Thickening ,grows around the edges is Also known as?

In Childhood the major driver for bone growth is growth hormone, A hormone produced by the

appositional growth causes bone to increase in diameter. Happens in long bones

In bone thickening Osteoblasts deposit bone matrix under the periosteum

In bone thickening Osteoclasts remove bone matrix

in appositional growth osteoBlast Deposit bone matrix

in appositional growth osteoClast Remove bone matrix

are living tissues

Bones are under constant construction. skeleton are completely replaced about every 10 years

Two main drivers for bone remodeling are

Hormonal Mechanism Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Produced by the

blood calcium is between 9-11 mm

Parathyroid hormone Increases when

Parathyroid hormone Causes increased activity of

in Hormonal Mechanism What is Produced by thyroid gland?

Calcitonin has a weaker effect than

Calcitonin Increases when

Calcitonin Causes osteoblasts to generate more

Calcitonin has a weaker effect than the

a hormone released by apidose tissue, decreases spongy bone but increases compact bone

bone grows or remodels in response to the demands placed on it. Bone are strongest where stress is greatest

Astronauts who are in space need regular exercise if they don’t exercise in space they can lose What?
because they are not walking around with gravity, gravity pulls on the body causing stress to be placed on bone and the bone Does what?.

bones become fragile and prone to breakage

Osteoporosis occurs in??? BECAUSE OSTEOBLAST INCREASES

bone resorption outpaces bone deposit

SEX HORMONES INCREASE

estrogen decreases testosterone & estrogen increase osteoblast decrease

Bone Fractures Despite their ability to resist tension and compression, bones sometimes fracture. Classification of fractures:

What are the3 types of bone cells

osteocyte

osteoblact

osteoclast

as an adult osteoblast & osteoclast

IS a break in the bone

in non-displaced fractures the bone

displaced fractures the bone have

if bone is broken through it is

if bone doesn't break through

bone penetrates the skin

bone doesn't penetrate skin

ragged break occurs when twisting is applied to bone common sports enjury

Bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks. Only one side of the shaft breaks, the other side bends.

broken bone pressed inward common skull fracture

bone is crushed

epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphseal plate

bone fragments into three or more pieces

in bone repair realigned of broken ends means

in bone repair When ends are manually repositioned means

in bone repair When ends are secured surgically with hardware

in bone repair When broken ends held in place occurs with a cast

small breaks on small bones take

First step in bone repair is

second step in bone repair is

third step in bone repair is

fourth step in bone repair is

tolerates repeated bending
ex. external ear and epiglottis

Provides sturdy support with some resilience or "give"

which cover the one ends at movable joints

bones of the limbs or appendages

those one that lie around the body's center of gravity

a thin area of hyaline cartilage that provides for longitudinal growth of the bone during youth

thin bone covering the epiphyseal plate after the growth stops

Forms the long axis of the bone. it is constructed of a thick collar of compact bone that surrounds a central Medullary cavity or marrow cavity.

are the bone ends.

involve Parathyroid horamone (PTH) is released when blood level of ionic calcium decline.

Internal bone surface are covered with a delicate connective tissue mambrane

reduction in rate of bone formation.

Inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by pus-forming bacteria that enter the body via a wound.

A prominence or projection

A hematoma forms
Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
bony callus forms
bone remodeling occurs

A large somewhat blunt process

a nodule or small rounded process

A rounded prominence that articulates with another bone.

A groove

A sharp prominent bony ridge

a smooth nearly flat articular surface

A depression, often used as an articular surface

A pit generally used for attachment rather than for articulation.

A hole

A canal

the articulating bone ends are connected by a plate or pad of cartilage

the bones are connected by a broad,flat disc of fibrocartilage

the bony portions are united by hyaline cartilage

those in which the articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid

When it comes to movement and stability synarthrosis are

When it comes to movement and stability amphiarthrosis are

When it comes to movement and stability diarthrosis are

diarthrosis are what kind of joints

amphiarthrosis are what kind of joints

synarthrosis are what kind of joints

in structural classification fibrous joints are

in structural classification cartilaginous joints are

in structural classification snyovial joints are

most complex structural joint

if you compare functional and structural classifications of joints fibrous joints are almost always

if you compare functional and structural classifications of joints cartilaginous are almost always

if you compare functional and structural classifications of joints synovial joints are always

narrow opening

Raised area on or above a condyle

Where 2 bones meet

Only moves in 1 direction e.g Elbow

Slight movement

Incases the synovial fluid

Lubricates joints

Connects bones to bones. Stretchy

Connects bones to muscles. Not stretchy

Pair of muscles that work together to move bones at a joint.

Get smaller

get larger

Disease that makes the bones rub together.

Bones get brittle because of lack of calcium.

WHAT CHARACTERISTICS DO ALL JOINTS HAVE IN COMMON?

IN WHICH DIRECTION DOES THE SHOULDER USUALLY DISLOCATE?

BONES ARE FORCED OUT OF THEIR NORMAL POSITION IN THE JOINT CAVITY

JOINTS BETWEEN PROXIMAL PHALANGES AND METACARPAL BONES

DESCRIBE THE TISSUE TYPE AND FUNCTION OF THE FOLLOWING STRUCTURES IN RELATION TO A SYNOVIAL JOINT:bursa

DESCRIBE THE TISSUE TYPE AND FUNCTION OF THE FOLLOWING STRUCTURES IN RELATION TO A SYNOVIAL JOINT:
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

DESCRIBE THE TISSUE TYPE AND FUNCTION OF THE FOLLOWING STRUCTURES IN RELATION TO A SYNOVIAL JOINT:

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

CHARACTERIZED BY CARTILAGE CONNECTING THE BONY PORTIONS

typically ALLOWS A SLIGHT DEGREE OF MOVEMENT

requirements for healthy bone

bone density increases with

in terms of bone health which is better swimming? or weightlifting?

repetitive stress can cause an increase in

astronauts lose what in space

calcium is needed for what?

what is needed calcium absorption

Vit- A is needed for
bone cannot grow without

Vit-C is needed for
bone is thin and brittle without

rickets is common in 3rd world countries and it is common in children that have

bone has a lot of

growth hormone is produced by the

pituitary gland stimulates

encourages replacement of cartilage with bone

when growth plates close

promote formation of bone tissue like testosterone and estrogen

regulate bone density based on blood calcium

promote osteoblast activity increase so you lay down more bone matrix

when blood calcium levels get low it increases osteoclast activity bone matrix is reduces

is released when calcium blood levels are high causing osteoblast to increase activity

Thyroid gland is also named

Movement away from the mid-line of the body

Movement towards the mid-line of the body

Bending the limbs at a joint.

A circular movement around a fixed point

Weakest part of the skeleton

Fancy name for joint is

Articulations are junction between

Functional classification Synarthroses

Functional classification Amphiarthroses

Functional classification Diarthroses

Syndesmosis means

The functional classification is based on

Cartilaginous joints are almost always

Fibrous joints are almost always

Synovial joints are almost always

Synchondroses hyaline cartilage common in the

Three types of fibrous joints are

Symphyses articular/joint fibro cartilage grow together

Syndesmos is

is connected by lose connective tissue soft tissue

the articulating bone ends are connected by a plate or pad of cartilage
38

bones joined by fibrous tissue

articular disc wedge or disc of fibrocartilage fits joint & stabilize reduce ware. inproves fit of a joint

Synovial fluid carries nutrients to

Meniscus found in the

its an extension sits between soft tissue and bone extension of snoyvial membrane

modified bursa that wraps around tendon bun around hotdog protects the tendon from abrasion and ware

6 types of snyovila joints

Gliding flat or slightly curved carpal joints ankle joints

concave surface fits around convex movement of single plane elbow joint

convex sits inside a

cylindrical fits in ring twisting of axis c1/c2

movement multiple planes radiocarpal joints

are shape ligaments and muscles that cross affect the mobility of the joint

those in which the articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid

abduction of the spine left or right

adduction of the spine

Run longitudinally through each muscle fiber
Surrounding by a sheath of sacoplasmic reticule (calcium ions)

what joint disease does a trex suffer from

What tissue is is striated long cells and is voluntary

What tissue is short has branched cells intercalated discs and is involuntary

what tissue is thin tapered cells with no straiations and is involuntary

Excitability, Contractility, Extensibility and Elasticity are all Characteristics of what?

In muscle tissue excitability means what?

are you an ptmosist your an excitable

In muscle tissue contractility means what?

In muscle tissue extensibility means what?

In muscle tissue elasticity means what?

Myo and Mys mean myofillment myofibral
epimysiom perimysom endomysiom

MYS means

Sarco means
sacroplasm, sacrolemma, sacromear

lemma means

Muscle Fiber for skeletal/smooth muscle means

Movement ,Maintaning Posture, Stablizing Joints , Generating heat are what?

Cardiac and smoothe cause what kind of movement

Keeps bones in place is what major function of muscle

Pulling muscles on bones is what major function of muscle

Cause compression of organs or the lungs cannot inflate if you done correctly use causing a disfunction this major function of muscle

whole muscle is wrapped by

each fascicle has its own connective tissue covering

inside the perimysiun muscle fibers cells are wrapped by

a whole muscle is an

muscles contract or shiver with short rapid contraction is what major function of muscle

tendon what connects muscle to bone? and has what kind of tissue

Muscle attaches to

if a tendon is connect muscle to bone its called an

the differences between a tendon and an aponeurosis is

tendon shape is like a

is a point of attachment that dosnt move during contraction

is a point of attachment that does move during attachment

insert during contractions insertions towords moves origions

the plasma membrane of a muscle cell gets a special name called the

myfibriles cause the

sacroplasmmic reticulum main function

myoglobin store what

glycosomes is an inclusion that stores

thin filaments attach directly

attach titen elastic filaments

is a chain of sarcomere attach end to end

sarsomere are the basic units within the

I BANDS ARE WHAT IN COLOR

A BANDS ARE WHAT IN COLOR

A BANDS ARE WHERE YOU HAVE THE

MDURING CONTRACTION THE z DISCS MOVE

CONTRACTIONS OF MUSCLES IS DUE TO

ACTON SLIDE

MYOSIN ARE MADE UP OF

ACTON AND MYOCIN

is an actin-binding protein that regulates actin mechanics. It is important, among other things, for muscle contraction

EVENTS AT NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

THE CONNECTION BETWEEN NERVE CELLS AND MUSCLE CELLS IS CALLED A

SKELETAL MUSCLE IS

IN REPOLARIZATION OUT AND BECOMES NEG INSIDE

TROPONIN

I BANDS ARE WHERE YOU DONT HAVE

n muscle cells, the long coiled-coil tails of the individual myosin molecules join together, forming the thick filaments of the

O/I can flip depending on state of contractions of other muscles

the difference between origin and attachment

aponeurosis shape is

Muscles attaches to

LEAK CHANNELS ALLOW MORE GOING OUT THAN NA IN

MEMBRANE POTENTIAL REFEREES TO A DIFFERENCE IN CHARGE BETWEEN THE

RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL AT REST THERE IS A DIFFERENCE IN CONCENTRATION AND A DIFFERENCE IN MEMBRANE POTENTIAL SO ITS MORE

IN A RESTING MUSCLE CELL THE INSIDE OF THE CELL IS

AT REST ITS THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

a change in a cell's membrane potential, making it

highly ORGANIZED

housemaid's knee is an inflammation of the prepatellar bursa at the front of the knee It is marked by swelling at the knee, which can be tender to the touch but which does not restrict the knee's range of motion