Which of the following is an opportunistic pathogenic fungus in humans?

Candida albicans

Opportunistic fungi

are normal microbiota for many individuals

Which of the following statements about truly pathogenic fungi that cause systemic mycoses if FALSE?

they have the ability to form mycelial thalli that are very invasive

Which of the following agars is preferred for the culture of fungi?

Sabouraud dextrose agar

Which of the following techniques reveals the presence of fungal cells in tissues?

both KOH treatment and Gomori methenamine silver (GMS) staining

Which of the following is the most common pathogenic fungus affecting humans?

Aspergillus fumigatus

Most mycoses are difficult to treat because

fungicides have numerous side effects, including cross-reactivity to human cells.

All of the true pathogen fungi mentioned in this chapter are

members of the Ascomycota and are dimorphic

Ocular histoplasmosis is an

type I hypersensitivity immune reaction

What is the diagnostic structure produced by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis?

"steering wheel" or "captains wheel" buds visible microscopically

an elderly woman is experiencing fever, chest pain, difficulty breathing and a cough that occasionally brings up mucus containing blood. She reports having visited family in rural New Mexico over the Labor Day weekend. a GMS-stained sample from her lungs shows the presence of large spherules. Which of the following is the most likely infecting agent?

Coccidioides immitis

Which of the following statements about Candida is FALSE?

it is easily treated with topical antifungals in immunocompromised patients

An avid agrdener in eastern North America begins to have a fever and cough. A sample from her lungs contains yeast cells. She may be infected with

Blastomyces dermatitidis

The most common disease produced in humans by Cryptococcus is

cryptococcal meningitis

Which of the following fungal infections was rare prior to the AIDs epidemic?

Pneumocystis pneumonia

Pneumocystis jiroveci is

an obligate parasite that cannot survive outside the lungs

An immunocompromised patient has a severe nasal infection that has blocked his ability to breathe through his nose. A sample is taken from the nose is treated with KOH and is found to contain large hype with very few septa. Which of the following diseases may the the patient have?

zygomycosis

Several new fungal opportunists have been found to infect AIDs patients including

Penicillium marneffei

Ringworm is caused by

dermatophytes growing in the outer dead tissue layers of the skin (epidermis).

Histoplasma capsulatum

is an intracellular parasite

Which of the following dermatophytes infects hair as well as skin?

Trichophyton rubrum

White patches on the surface of the tongue and the oral mucosa accompanied by inflammation and swelling are signs consistent with

thrush

Which of the following fungal infections may progress to infection of the brain?

Coccidioides immitis, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Mucor

Superficial mycoses are more common that cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses because

only a few fungi are invasive

A sample of the tissue from an inflamed pus-filled area on the lower leg is treated with KOH and stained with GMS. Under the microscope golden brown spheres are visible. With what disease are these observation consistent?

chromoblastomycosis

Which of the following fungal infections can be contracted through thorn pricks or wood splinters?

Sporothrix schenckii

Which of the following statements about Malassezia is FALSE?

It causes phaeohyphomycosis

The monomorphic fungus Rhizopus is a

common bread mold and an opportunistic pathogen

Mycetisumus is caused by

ingestion of toxic mushrooms

Which of the following is referred to as the "death cap" mushroom?

Amanita phalloides

Which of the following is a false morel that causes bloody diarrhea, convulsions, and death within two days?

Gyromitra esculenta

Ergometrine, which is used to stimulate labor contractions, is a product of

Claviceps purpurea

Which of the following statements is true of mycotoxicosis but NOT mycetismus?

the fungus is not present

Psilocybin is a

toxin that acts as a hallucinogen

Chronic inhalation of particular fungal allergens would lead to an

type III hypersensitivity reaction

The subcutaneous infection known as ______ can produce a series of lesions spreading from the initial infection point resulting from the fungus' ability to invade the lymphatic vessels

sporotrichosis

Chronic low-level ingestion of ______ may cause liver cancer.

aflatoxin

Brown pigmented hyphae in specimens from cutaneous or subcutaneous lesions are characteristic of

phaeohyphomycosis

Which of the following contributes to the pathogenesis of Cryptococcus neoformans?

the production of melanin and the presence of a phagocyte-resistant capsule

Injuries wich introduce _____ into the subcutaneous tissuey result in mycetoma, a tumor-like abscess containing pus and fungus.

Pseudallescheria

Pityriasis, characterized by patches of hyper pigmented and depigmented skin on the trunk and arms is due to cutaneous infection with

Malassezia furfur

Infection of the skin by Trichophyton rubrum results in raised red scaly patches of skin, a condition known as

dermatophytosis

Which of the following produces a hallucinogenic toxin?

Psilocybe cubensis

The fungus _____ produces toxins which have beneficial clinical applications.

Claviceps purpurea

Agricultural workers may develop respiratory problems resulting from _____ responses to fungal allergens.

either type I or type II hypersensitivities

Most fungi exist as (parasites/ sparse/ autotrophs) and function as the major decomposers of organic material.

saprobes

Infections with (dermatophytes/ pathogens/ opportunists) are commonly acquired by person -to-person direct contact.

dermatophytes

the true pathogenic fungi responsible for systemic mycoses have (dimorphic/ monomorphic/ polymorphic) growth characteristics.

dimorphic

A solution of (GMS/ KOH/ DIF) is used to dissolve keratin and cellular material in skin scrapings, leaving only the fungal cells for examination.

KOH

The best strategy for preventing fungal disease is (avoidance/ vaccination).

avoidance

The cell walls of fungi contain (cholesterol /ergosterol) which is a target of some anti fungal treatments.

ergosterol

Blastomyces dermatitidis occurs in the (eastern/ central/ southwestern/ western) part of North America.

eastern

The anti fungal agent (azalea/ echiocandins/ griseofulvin) interferes with microtubule formation and chromosome separation.

griseofulvin

The presence of (hyphae/ spores/ spherules) in a sample from the lungs is diagnostic for coccidioidomycosis.

spherules

Paracoccidioidomycosis occurs in Mexico and (North/ south) America.

South

The production of distinctly (smooth/ bumpy/ spiny) spores is diagnostic for Histoplasma capsulate.

spiny

Exposure to (Aspergillus/ Candida/ Microsporum) species most commonly causes only allergies.

Aspergillus

Clusters of budding yeast and branching pseudohyphae are consistent with (candidiasis/ dermatophytosis/ pityriasis).

candidiasis

The opportunistic infection known as (aspergillosis/ cryptococcosis/ sporotrichosis) may develop into a series of nodular, pus-filled lesions on a limb.

sporotrichosis

Chronic infections of Malassezia furfur result in (pityriasis/ringworm).

pityriasis