BIOL102 LECTURE TEST 1 REVIEW GUIDE
All members of a species in an area would be termed a
Population
A CLASS may best be defined as a taxon composed of?
Order
In the scientific name Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus refers to the___
Genus
Carl Woese based his system of classification on what criterion?
rRNA sequencing
Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and Influenzavirus H1N5 are examples of ____that have mutated to be different than the normal members of a species
Strain
Woese classified the prokaryotes that lived in extreme environments such as in glaciers, deep see vents, and hot sulfur springs in Domain_____
Archaea
All the living organisms in an area together with all the abiotic factors in an area would be considered a(n)______
Ecosystem
In Whittaker's Five Kingdom classification scheme, bacteria are placed in Kingdom____
Monera
The scientific study of life
Biology
Characteristics of life
What kind of organization does atoms and molecules have?
Chemical organization
Organelle, cell, tissue, organ and organ systems and organism fall in which category of organization?
Biological organization
Species, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere, ecosphere fall in which category of organization?
Ecological organization
Ordered division of organisms into categories, based on a set of characteristics used to assess similarities and differences
Taxonomy
Aristotle, Plato, and Linneaus came up with what taxonomic scheme?
Two Kingdom scheme
Robert Whittaker came up with what taxonomic scheme?
Five Kingdom scheme
Carl Woese came up with what taxonomic scheme?
Three domain scheme
What taxonomic scheme was based on macroscopic characteristics?
Two kingdom scheme
What taxonomic scheme was based on microscopic observation and form of nutrition?
Five Kingdom scheme
Whittaker's five kingdom scheme
Woese's three domain scheme
The named taxonomic unit at any given level of classification
Taxon
Hierarchy of Taxa
Scientific nomenclature is also known as
Binomial nomenclature
Origin of new species in evolution
Speciation
May occur when gene flow is interrupted between populations of the existing species
Speciation
Two main modes of speciation
Allopatric and sympatric
Gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations
Allopatric
Speciation take place in geographically overlapping populations
Sympatric
Two species that occupy different habitats within the same area may encounter each other rarely, if at all, even though they are not isolated by obvious physical barriers such as mountain ranges
Habitat isolation
Species that breed during different times of the day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix their gametes
Temporal isolation
Courtship rituals that attract mates and other behaviors unique to a species are effective reproductive barriers, even between closely related species
Behavioral isolation
Morphological differences can prevent successful mating
Mechanical isolation
Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize the eggs of another species
Gametic isolation
Process whereby a researcher chooses as correct the hypothesis that requires the fewest number of genetic changes to have occurred
Parsimony
A grouping of species consisting of an ancestral species an all of its descendants is called a
Clade
Criterion used to determine whether structures are considered to be homologous
Shared ancestry
The protein coat of a virus is called a
Capsid
Researcher who determined that the infectious agent of TMD was transmitted by contact with sap from a diseased leaf
Adolf Mayer
Bacteriophages may be grown on nutrient agar True or False?
False
Name characteristics that a cells lose when they are transformed by infection with a virus?
Density dependence and anchorage dependence
All viruses have DNA and RNA in their core True or False?
False
The genes of different parent species may interact and impair the hybrid's development
Reduced hybrid viability
Producing sterile offspring
Reduced Hybrid fertility
Some first-generation hybrids are viable and fertile, but when they mate with one another or with either parent species, offspring of the next generation are feeble or sterile
Hybrid breakdown
Change over time, descent with modification; unequal reproductive success of individuals
Evolution
Evolutionary history of a group of organisms
Phylogeny
Branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships
Phylogenetic tree
Analysis of how species may be grouped into clades
Cladistics
Identified using shared derived characteristics
Clade
Diagram depicting patterns of shared characteristics among species
Cladogram
A phylogenetic tree in which the lengths of the branches reflect the number of genetic changes that have taken place in a particular DNA or RNA sequence in various lineages
Phylogram
Grouping of species derived from 2 or more ancestral forms
Polyphyletic
Grouping of species that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all , of its descendants
Paraphyletic
A grouping of species consisting of an ancestral species and all its descendants. A clade
Monophyletic
Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry
Homology
Structures in different species that are similar due to common ancestry
Homologous structures
Similarity between 2 species due to convergent evolution
Analogy
Remnants of structures that had important functions in ancestors
Vestigial structures
Viral characteristics
These cells have density dependence and anchorage dependence
Normal cells
Structure of viruses
A membrane that cloaks the capsid
Viral envelope
Surface glycoproteins for attachment to host receptors
Spikes
Viral morphology (shapes)
Viruses are classified by
The ___ cycle of bacteriophage multiplication taken to completion always results in death of the host cell
Lytic cycle
General term for a virus like West Nile Virus or Yellow Fever Virus carried by an arthropod vector such as a mosquito
Arbo virus
During the lysogenic cycle, once a bacterial virus has incorporated into the host DNA, it is then referred to as a
Prophage
Bacteriophage and animal virus multiplication are similar in most respects. What step is completely unique to animal virus
Uncoating
Proteinaceous infectious particles that cause neurological diseases such as mad cow disease or CJD
Prions
Chicken pox, shingles, mononucleosis, and cold sores are all caused by members of the same family of viruses. Give the correct name for the family.
Herpesvirus
All Human Papilloma Viruses cause ___; several types also cause _____.
warts, cancer
Method of transmission for Hepatitis B Virus
Bodily fluids
A bullet-shaped animal virus that attaches to the nervous system for which a post exposure vaccine is a valid prevention method:
Rabies
The bacterial cell wall of members of Domain Bacteria is composed of a unique combination of proteins and carbohydrates that is called:
Peptidoglycan
Name one way the composition of the prokaryotic membrane differs from that of the eukaryotic membrane
Sterols in membrane
HIV is _____ virus
Retrovirus
What is the term for diseases of animals that can be spread to humans
Zoonosis
Circular RNA molecules that infect plants
Viroids
Diseases caused by prions
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
Who proposed the model for Prion propagation?
Stanely Prusiner
Different types of TSE
Bovine spongiform encephalopathies (mad cow disease)
Kuru
Scrapie
Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease
Variant cjd
What is the individual cell size of prokaryotic cells?
0.5 - 5 micrometers in diameter
What is the individual cell size of eukaryotic cells?
10 - 100 micrometers in diameter
What ribosomes does prokaryotic cells have
70S Ribosomes
What ribosomes does eukaryotic cells have
80S Ribosomes
Long hair-like structure that serves as a "sex bridge" or connection between cells to allow horizontal gene transfer (conjugation) to occur.
Pilus
Polysaccharide structure that encloses some prokaryotic cells and increases pathogenicity (virulence) by allowing the cell to attach to host tissues and helping the cell to evade phagocytosis by macrophages:
Capsule
Rod shaped bacteria arranged as pairs are called?
Diplobacilius
Round or spherical bacteria arranged in chains are called?
Streptococci
Term used to describe a motile prokaryotic cell that has a flagellum at one end of the cell
Monotrichous
A small circular extra chromosomal piece of DNA that may contain genes fro toxin production or antibiotic resistance; sometimes used as a vector in genetic engineering
Plasmid
Stressful conditions such as the depletion on nutrients from the environment can cause some gram positive bacilli to form a protective structure known as a(n)_____
Endospores
Asexual reproduction in prokaryotes is equivalent to mitosis in eukaryotes. This prokaryotic division process is called _____
Binary fission
If the generation time for a bacterium is 20 minutes, how many cells would be in a culture that has been incubated for two hours if you started with eight cells?
512 cells
A bacterium that has thick peptidoglycan in its cell wall would be what color after completion of the Gram Stain?
Purple
A bacterium that has thin peptidoglycan in its cell wall would be what color after completion of the Gram Stain?
Pink
A temporary union of two bacteria in which genetic material is transferred by migration of a plasmid from the donor to the recipient
Conjugation
The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another resulting in a genetic change in the recipient cell
Transformation
The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another by means of a virus
Transduction
Photosynthetic organisms that capture light energy and use it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon
Photoautotrophs
Cyanobacteria is an example of?
Example of photoautotrophs
Oxidize inorganic substances
Chemoautotrophs
Sulfolobus is an example of?
Chemoautotrophs
Use light energy but obtain their carbon in organic form
Photoheterotrophs
Rhodobacter, Chloroflexus are examples of?
Photoheterotrophs
Must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon source
Chemoheterotrophs
Clostridium, fungi, animals are examples of?
Chemoheterotrophs
Require oxygen
Obligate aerobes
Killed by oxygen
Obligate anaerobes
Use oxygen if present or switch to other modes
Facultative anaerobes
These bacteria whose temperature range is from 0oC to 20oC
Typical psychrophile
These bacteria whose temperature range is from 13oC to 46oC
Typical mesophile
These bacteria whose temperature range is from 42oC to 70oC
Typical thermophile
These bacteria whose temperature range is from 67oC to 96oC
Extreme thermophiles
Metabolic cooperation between different prokaryotic species
Biofilm
Nuclear envelope is present in?
domain Eukarya
Membrane-enclosed organelles are present in?
domain Eukarya
Peptidoglycan is present in?
domain Bacteria
Unbranched hydrocarbons are present in?
domain Bacteria and Archaea
Several kinds of RNA polymerase is present in?
domain Archaea and Eukarya
Methioine is present in?
domain Archaea and Eukarya
Introns are present in?
domain Archaea and Eukarya
Growth is not inhibited in?
domain Archaea and Eukarya
Histones are present in?
domain Archaea and Eukarya
Circular chromosome in present in?
domain Bacteria and Archaea
Who came up with Endosymbiotic Hypothesis?
Lynn Margulis
Excavates
Excavates include
Diplomonads, Parabasalids, Euglenozoans
Diplomonads
Example of diplomonad
Giardia Intestinalis (aka G. lamblia)
Parabasalids
Example of parabasalids
Trichomonas vaginalis, Trichonympha
Flagella has unique internal structure
spiral or crystalline rod inside
Euglenozoans
Predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs and pathogenic parasites are in which clade
Euglenozoans
What are the two important groups of euglenozoans?
Kinetoplastids, Euglenids
Free living consumers of bacteria in freshwater, marine, and moist terrestrial ecosystems which have single large mitochondrion with a organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast
Kinetoplastids
Example of kinetoplastids
Trypanosoma spp
Evade immune system with "bait & switch" technique that involves changing surface proteins before body can mount effective response
The parasitic kinetoplastids
Causes African Trypanosomiasis or African Sleeping Sickness
Trypanosoma brucei
What is the vector for Trypanosoma brucei?
African Tsetse Fly
Causes American Trypanosomiasis or Chagas' Disease
Trypanosoma cruzi
Which strain of Trypanosoma brucei affects equines, pigs, cattle, rodents
Trypanosoma brucei brucei
Which strain of Trypanosoma brucei affects humans, monkeys, dogs, pigs, antelopes and is prevalent in West and Central Africa?
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Which strain of Trypanosoma brucei affects humans, wild game, pigs, rats (experiments) and is prevalent in East and Central Africa?
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Name the clade
Euglenids
Example of euglenids
Euglena
Chromalveolates include?
Alveolates and Stramenopiles
Membrane-bound sacs just under the plasma membrane is a characteristic of which group?
Alveolates
Alveolates include?
Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexa and Ciliophora
Name the group?
Dinoflagellates
Examples of dinoflagellates
Pfiesteria shumayae, Gonyaulax (aka Alexandrium), Gambierdiscus, Peridinium
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning is caused by
Gonyaulax
These organisms are
Apicomplexans
Host that harbors the ADULT parasite
Definitive Host
Host that harbors an intermediate form of parasite
Intermediate Host
Examples of apicomplexans
Plasmodium spp, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora
A large varied group of protists that have macronuclei and micronuclei
Ciliates
Sexual process that produces genetic variation; two individuals exchange micronuclei but do not reproduce (Ciliates)
Conjugation
Asexual reproduction; macronuclei disintegrates; new macronucleus forms from cell's micronuclei (Ciliates)
Binary Fission
Example of ciliates
Paramecium caudatum
Most have a hairy flagellum paired with a smooth flagellum
Stramenopiles
Example of stramenopile
Synura petersenii
Stramenopiles include
Example of oomycota
Phytophthora infestans
Who am I?
Diatoms
Who am I?
Golden Algae
Example of golden algae
Dinobryon
What type of algae?
Brown Algae
Example of brown algae
Postelsia, Laminaria Macrocystis (Kelp)
Rhizarians
Named for porous shells called tests
Foraminiferans (Forams)
Tests are hardened with
calcium carbonate
Example of foraminiferans
Globigerina
What group is this?
Radiolarians
Large group of amoeboid and flagellated protists
Cercozoans
Example of cercozoan
Paulinella chromatophora
Monophyletic group that descended from an ancient protest that engulfed a cyanobacterium
Archaeplastida
The most abundant large algae in warm coastal waters od the tropics
Red algae
Examples of red algae
Bonnemaisonia hamifera, Palmaria palmate (Dulse), Porphyra (Nori)
Named for their grass-green chloroplasts
Green algae
What are the two main groups of green algae
Chlorophytes and charophyceans
Most aquatic freshwater and marine phytoplankton
Chlorophytes
Examples of chlorophytes
Volvox, Ulva, Caulerpa, Chlamydomonas
Unikonts include
Amoebozoans, and Opisthokonts
What are four important groups of amoebozoans
Gymnamoeba, Entamoeba, Slime molds (cellular and plasmodial)
Amoebozoans are classified by
lobe shaped pseudopodia
Amoebas that are heterotrophic and actively seek and consume bacteria and other protists
Gymnamoebas
Parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates
Entamoebas
Example of entamoebas
Entamoeba histolyitca
Which entamoeba causes amoebic dysentery in humans
Entamoeba histolytica
What is the scientific name for slime molds?
Mycetozoans
This molds have multinucleate plasmodium
Plasmodial slime molds
What is the scientific name for plasmodial slime molds?
Myxogastrida
Example of plasmodial slime mold
Physarum polycephalum
This molds form asexual fruiting bodies and function as a unit
Cellular slime molds
What is the scientific name for cellular slime molds?
Dictyostelida
Example of cellular slime molds
Dictyostelium discoideum
Rhizarians include
Radiolarians, Forams and Cercozoans