Sleep declines from __ - ___ hours as a newborn to about ____ - ____ hours by second birthday.

16 - 18; 12 - 13

Sleeping through the night can be impacted by:

Resurgence of teething ( molars); Awareness of separate sleeping arrangements

Gross Development: 11 months

walk without support

Gross Development: 15 months

stand and begin to climb

Gross Development: 18 months

some running

Gross Development: 24 months

can kick with more dexterity

When can children show right or left preference?

12 months

4 signs of readiness for toilet training:

staying dry for an hour or two; regular bowel movements at the same time each day; increased anticipation of event shown through looks or words; directly asks too use toilet or wear underwear

When should toilet training usually occur?

18 and 19 months of age

Stage 5: tertiary circular reactions (define)

intentionally try out different behaviors, action is intentional from the beginning, action performed repeatedly, little scientists

Stage 6: Mental Representations

think about all the possibilities and select actions that is most likely to achieve desired outcome

A and B not error

If child finds an object under blanket A, and then a second blanket B is added and they observe the object being hidden under blanket B, they nevertheless tend to look under blanket A, where they found the object the first time. Toddlers learn to avoid this and search for the object where it was last hidden.

Deferred imitation

ability to repeat actions observed at an earlier time; Begins at 18 months; Hippocampus is responsible

Vygotsky’s theory

Lev Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as both a social and cultural process; Social because children learn through interaction with others; Cultural because what children need to know is determined by the culture they live in

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

range of skills child can perform IF guided but can’t accomplish alone

Scaffolding

degree on assistance provided

Infinite generativity

Combine symbols in infinite ways

4 ways humans are biologically built for uniqueness in language

Unique vocal apparatus (chimps lack this, we are able to make a wide range of sounds due the the pharynx); broca's (production and wernicke's (comprehension) area, genes, evolutionary advantage to our predecessors

holophrase

single word that is used to represent a whole sentence

over extensions

use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects "nu-nu"

under extensions

applying a general word to a specific object "kitty"

Naming explosion

begin to see the use of fast mapping and telegraphic speech

fast mapping

learning and remembering a word for an object after just one time of being told what the object is called

telegraphic speech

two word phrases that strip away connecting words such as the & and

During the third year...

toddler becomes more adept to language, diminished frequency of overextension and underextension, shows understanding of rules of language(past, present, future), may show over regularization (over applying of grammatical rules)

high income word comparison

high income families talk to their children more than low income families making the children's vocabulary stronger

Maternal responsiveness

affirmations, expansions and imitations correlated positively with early milestones

Broca's area

portion of the left frontal lobe; specialized for language production

Wernicke's area

portion of the left temporal lobe; specialized for language comprehension

Cultural differences in toddler tantrums

In the US and UK: tantrums are thought of as inevitable and a way of life
In African and Asia: toddlers can control their emotions and exercise control which questions whether or not tantrums are really inevitable or if it's just a consequence of the west's value in self expression

Self awareness

reflects an understanding of the distinction between self and the external world

self recognition

recognizing image of self "dot" on nose test

Self reflection

think about themselves as they would think about others "I, me, mine"

Sex

biological status of being male or female

Gender

cultural categories of male or female

attachment

an emotional bond that promotes protection and survival

secure attachment

mom is secure base, cry upom separation, return to mom upon return happily; can rely on mothers

insecure avoid-ant attachment

No interaction with mom, no response upon separation or return ; seek to get down upn return; unsure mother will return

insecure resistant attachment

less likely to return or explore, shows distress upon separation; shows ambivalence upon return; unsure mother will return

disorganized disoriented

extremely unusual behavior, dazed when mom leaves and fear upon return - autism/ down syndrome - usually bad mothers

attachment theory is influenced by

maternal sensitivity and responsiveness

When do children start to lose teeth?

begins at age 6 and ens at 14

Pre-operational stage

child begins to internalize images and use symbols; inability to perform operations; not yet able to perform mental operations, that is, cognitive procedures that follow certain logical rules

Children lack the abilities to handle the following operations:

Conservation, Classification, egocentric-ism, Animism

Conservation

Mental ability to understand that the quantity of a substance or material remains the same even if its appearance changes; Children lack the ability to understand conservation

Centration

focusing on aspect of a problem while excluding others

Reversibility

reverse an action mentally

Classification

ability to understand that objects can be part of more than one cognitive group, for example an object can be classified with red objects as well as round objects

Egocentric ism

cognitive inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and another's

animism

tendency to attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces

Symbolic function sub stage (2 to 4)

capable of representational thought and using symbols; thinking in terms of symbols; Language and play can represent this stage

Intuitive thought sub stage (4 to 7 years)

capable of asking questions showing curiosity but not why they know things;Thinking about cause and effect; They do not know why they know something, they just know it

Explain outcome of head start program

IQ of children in Head start is higher than children who did not participate in the program but had similar backgrounds. After 2 years in public school, the original gains begin to fade. (Poor, low quality public schools) Head start children are less likely to repeat a grade or enter special education.

Factors associated with preschool quality

Education and training of teachers; Class size and child teacher ratio; Age appropriate materials and activities; Teacher child interactions

Cultural variances in preschool education

China and the US: learning basic academic skills is a primary goal; In japan and most of Europe: academic skills are a low priority; instead they focus on social skills

Ages of gender identity:

Ages 3–4 gender identity intensifies;Ages 6–7 gender constancy is attained

Self-socialization

maintaining consistency between behavior and schema

Schema

gender based cognitive structure for organizing and processing information, compromising expectations for males and female’s appearance and behavior.

Constancy

understanding that maleness and femaleness are biological and cannot change

Factors influencing children’s increasing emotional regulation

In the brain, the frontal cortex is developing which promotes this process, because this is the part of the brain most involved in emotional self- regulation.; Children learn strategies for regulating their emotions

undercontrol

trait of having inadequate emotional self-regulation; no self control; can't control anger

Undercontrol - future problems

at risk for externalizing problems such as aggression and conflict with others in early childhood and beyond

Over control

trait of having excessive emotional self-regulation; holds feelings in; can't express emotions

over control leads to:

internalizing problems like anxiety and depression

Authoritative parents:

parents who are high in demandingness and high in responsiveness; clear rules and expectations yet they explain the reasons for their rules; up for compromise, loving and warm

authoritarian

high is demandingness; low in responsiveness; require obedience; punish without compromise; may be hostile at times

permissive

low in demandingness; high in responsiveness; few expectations; rarely enforce rules; love warmth and freedom

disengaged parents

low demandingness and responsiveness; no expectations or love

Authoritative outcomes:

independent, creative, self-assured, socially skilled

authoritarian outcomes

dependent, passive, conforming

permissive outcome

irresponsible, conforming, immature

disengaged outcome

impulsive, behavior problems, early sex and drugs

filial piety (asian culture)

belief that children should respect obey and revere their parents throughout life

respeto/familismo

culture that emphasizes love, closeness, and mutual obligations among family members

Middle Childhood: Physical growth

slow and steady; boys slightly taller and more muscular; lowest bmi; nearsightedness rises

Malnutrition effects

high nutrients = smart, determined, happy and vice versa

Overweight

BMI over 18

Obesity

BMI over 21

Obesity due to

diet, tv, genetics, single parent homes

Obesity can lead to:

ridicule; emotional and behavioral problems; diabetes; obese adults

Myopia

nearsightedness, 1/4 children develop it

myopia due to:

children reading, writing, and using computers; partly genetic

intelligence

capacity for acquiring knowledge, reasoning, and solving problems

Intelligence tests:

WISC/ WAIS

Eight theories of intelligence

linguistic, logical mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist

Spatial

ability to think 3 dimension ally

bodily - kinesthetic

ability to be aware of body movement - dancers and athletes

interpersonal

strong empathetic abilities

intrapersonal

self-understanding

naturalist

understanding of natural phenomena

Sternberg's theory focused on what three forms of intelligence

analytic, creative, practical

analytical intelligence

involves acquiring, storing, analyzing and retrieving information

creative intelligence

ability to combine info to produce new insights, ideas, and problem solving strategies

practical intelligence

apply info to everyday life; evaluation of social situations

Factors of intelligence

Nature and nurture;

flynn effect

steep rise in the median IQ score in Western countries during the 20th century

infantile amnesia

inability to remember anything that happened prior to age 2; due to the sense of self not being developed until about this age

Characteristics of middle childhood's emotional regulation

high emotional well-being, emotional self-regulation grows, new contexts demand more self-control and cooperation (do what they're told, listen and cooperate), ambivalence, empathy

self-concept

how we view and evaluate ourselves

self-esteem

a person's all around sense of worth and well-being

independent self

individualistic cultures; encourages self-reflection bout self; be an independent person; high self esteem

interdependent self

collectivist culture, encourages importance of group, family first, interest of others come first

In middle childhood interactions seen in opposite gender play tend to be

antagonist or quasi romantic

Sibling rivalry arises during:

middle childhood

Affects of divorce include:

externalizing behaviors: impulsive conflicts with the family; internalizing problems: depression, anxiety, phobias, and sleep disturbances

Family processes affected by divorce

mother's parenting becomes punitive; mother and son's relationship turn into coercive cycle; involved fathers have fewer post divorces problems