Human Development: Human Growth and Development - Test # 2 Flashcards

16 - 18; 12 - 13

Resurgence of teething ( molars); Awareness of separate sleeping arrangements

walk without support

stand and begin to climb

some running

can kick with more dexterity

12 months

staying dry for an hour or two; regular bowel movements at the same time each day; increased anticipation of event shown through looks or words; directly asks too use toilet or wear underwear

18 and 19 months of age

intentionally try out different behaviors, action is intentional from the beginning, action performed repeatedly, little scientists

think about all the possibilities and select actions that is most likely to achieve desired outcome

If child finds an object under blanket A, and then a second blanket B is added and they observe the object being hidden under blanket B, they nevertheless tend to look under blanket A, where they found the object the first time. Toddlers learn to avoid this and search for the object where it was last hidden.

ability to repeat actions observed at an earlier time; Begins at 18 months; Hippocampus is responsible

Lev Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as both a social and cultural process; Social because children learn through interaction with others; Cultural because what children need to know is determined by the culture they live in

range of skills child can perform IF guided but can’t accomplish alone

degree on assistance provided

Combine symbols in infinite ways

Unique vocal apparatus (chimps lack this, we are able to make a wide range of sounds due the the pharynx); broca's (production and wernicke's (comprehension) area, genes, evolutionary advantage to our predecessors

single word that is used to represent a whole sentence

use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects "nu-nu"

applying a general word to a specific object "kitty"

begin to see the use of fast mapping and telegraphic speech

learning and remembering a word for an object after just one time of being told what the object is called

two word phrases that strip away connecting words such as the & and

toddler becomes more adept to language, diminished frequency of overextension and underextension, shows understanding of rules of language(past, present, future), may show over regularization (over applying of grammatical rules)

high income families talk to their children more than low income families making the children's vocabulary stronger

affirmations, expansions and imitations correlated positively with early milestones

portion of the left frontal lobe; specialized for language production

portion of the left temporal lobe; specialized for language comprehension

In the US and UK: tantrums are thought of as inevitable and a way of life
In African and Asia: toddlers can control their emotions and exercise control which questions whether or not tantrums are really inevitable or if it's just a consequence of the west's value in self expression

reflects an understanding of the distinction between self and the external world

recognizing image of self "dot" on nose test

think about themselves as they would think about others "I, me, mine"

biological status of being male or female

cultural categories of male or female

an emotional bond that promotes protection and survival

mom is secure base, cry upom separation, return to mom upon return happily; can rely on mothers

No interaction with mom, no response upon separation or return ; seek to get down upn return; unsure mother will return

less likely to return or explore, shows distress upon separation; shows ambivalence upon return; unsure mother will return

extremely unusual behavior, dazed when mom leaves and fear upon return - autism/ down syndrome - usually bad mothers

maternal sensitivity and responsiveness

begins at age 6 and ens at 14

child begins to internalize images and use symbols; inability to perform operations; not yet able to perform mental operations, that is, cognitive procedures that follow certain logical rules

Conservation, Classification, egocentric-ism, Animism

Mental ability to understand that the quantity of a substance or material remains the same even if its appearance changes; Children lack the ability to understand conservation

focusing on aspect of a problem while excluding others

reverse an action mentally

ability to understand that objects can be part of more than one cognitive group, for example an object can be classified with red objects as well as round objects

cognitive inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and another's

tendency to attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces

capable of representational thought and using symbols; thinking in terms of symbols; Language and play can represent this stage

capable of asking questions showing curiosity but not why they know things;Thinking about cause and effect; They do not know why they know something, they just know it

IQ of children in Head start is higher than children who did not participate in the program but had similar backgrounds. After 2 years in public school, the original gains begin to fade. (Poor, low quality public schools) Head start children are less likely to repeat a grade or enter special education.

Education and training of teachers; Class size and child teacher ratio; Age appropriate materials and activities; Teacher child interactions

China and the US: learning basic academic skills is a primary goal; In japan and most of Europe: academic skills are a low priority; instead they focus on social skills

Ages 3–4 gender identity intensifies;Ages 6–7 gender constancy is attained

maintaining consistency between behavior and schema

gender based cognitive structure for organizing and processing information, compromising expectations for males and female’s appearance and behavior.

understanding that maleness and femaleness are biological and cannot change

In the brain, the frontal cortex is developing which promotes this process, because this is the part of the brain most involved in emotional self- regulation.; Children learn strategies for regulating their emotions

trait of having inadequate emotional self-regulation; no self control; can't control anger

at risk for externalizing problems such as aggression and conflict with others in early childhood and beyond

trait of having excessive emotional self-regulation; holds feelings in; can't express emotions

internalizing problems like anxiety and depression

parents who are high in demandingness and high in responsiveness; clear rules and expectations yet they explain the reasons for their rules; up for compromise, loving and warm

high is demandingness; low in responsiveness; require obedience; punish without compromise; may be hostile at times

low in demandingness; high in responsiveness; few expectations; rarely enforce rules; love warmth and freedom

low demandingness and responsiveness; no expectations or love

independent, creative, self-assured, socially skilled

dependent, passive, conforming

irresponsible, conforming, immature

impulsive, behavior problems, early sex and drugs

belief that children should respect obey and revere their parents throughout life

culture that emphasizes love, closeness, and mutual obligations among family members

slow and steady; boys slightly taller and more muscular; lowest bmi; nearsightedness rises

high nutrients = smart, determined, happy and vice versa

BMI over 18

BMI over 21

diet, tv, genetics, single parent homes

ridicule; emotional and behavioral problems; diabetes; obese adults

nearsightedness, 1/4 children develop it

children reading, writing, and using computers; partly genetic

capacity for acquiring knowledge, reasoning, and solving problems

WISC/ WAIS

linguistic, logical mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist

ability to think 3 dimension ally

ability to be aware of body movement - dancers and athletes

strong empathetic abilities

self-understanding

understanding of natural phenomena

analytic, creative, practical

involves acquiring, storing, analyzing and retrieving information

ability to combine info to produce new insights, ideas, and problem solving strategies

apply info to everyday life; evaluation of social situations

Nature and nurture;

steep rise in the median IQ score in Western countries during the 20th century

inability to remember anything that happened prior to age 2; due to the sense of self not being developed until about this age

high emotional well-being, emotional self-regulation grows, new contexts demand more self-control and cooperation (do what they're told, listen and cooperate), ambivalence, empathy

how we view and evaluate ourselves

a person's all around sense of worth and well-being

individualistic cultures; encourages self-reflection bout self; be an independent person; high self esteem

collectivist culture, encourages importance of group, family first, interest of others come first

antagonist or quasi romantic

middle childhood

externalizing behaviors: impulsive conflicts with the family; internalizing problems: depression, anxiety, phobias, and sleep disturbances

mother's parenting becomes punitive; mother and son's relationship turn into coercive cycle; involved fathers have fewer post divorces problems