Information gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes

sensory input

Processing and interpretation of sensory input

integration

activation of effector organs which produces a response

motor output

What are the effector organs?

muscles and glands

What is comprised of the brain and spinal cord, and is the integration and control center?

central nervous system

What system interprets sensory input and dictates motor output

central nervous system

What portion of the nervous system consists mainly of nerves?

peripheral nervous system

What types of nerves make up the PNS?

spinal and cranial

How many pairs of spinal nerves are in the PNS?

31

How many cranial nerves are in the PNS?

12

What are the function divisions of the PNS?

sensory and motor

Which division of the PNS is afferent?

sensory

Which division of the PNS is efferent?

motor

Which fibers in the PNS sensory (afferent) division convey impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the CNS?

somatic sensory fibers

What fibers in the PNS sensory (afferent) division convey impulses from visceral organs to CNS?

visceral sensory fibers

What division of the PNS receives and sends towards the CNS?

afferent

Which division of the PNS moves from the CNS to muscles or glands?

efferent

Which division of the PNS transmit impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands?

efferent/motor

What are the divisions of the motor (efferent) division of the PNS?

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

Which motor division of the PNS conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles?

somatic nervous system

Which motor division of the PNS has visceral motor nerve fibers and regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands?

autonomic nervous system

What are the functional subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

sympathetic and parasympathetic

What is the fight or flight subdivision of the autonomic nervous system?

sympathetic

What is the rest and repose division of the autonomic nervous system?

parasympathetic

What are the main cell types in nervous tissue?

neuroglia and neurons (nerve cells)

What are the small cells in nervous tissue that surround and wrap delicate neurons?

neuroglia

What are excitable cells in nervous tissue that transmit electrical signals

neurons (nerve cells)

Which neuroglia pulls capillaries into the neuron to feed it, providing nutrition and oxygen, and gets rid of waste?

astrocytes

Which neuroglia protects the neuron - can transform to phagocytize micoorganisms and debris?

microglial cells

Which neuroglia range in shape from columnar to squamous, may be ciliated, and synthesize cerebrospinal fluid?

ependymal cells

Which neuroglia are branched cells that mylenate axons - wraps the axon with a myelin sheath?

oligodendrocytes

Which cells found in the PNS function similar to astrocytes by surrounding neuron cell bodies?

satellite cells

Which cells in the PNS are similar to oligodendrocytes by surrounding the nerve fibers and forming myelin sheaths?

Schwann cells

What helps improve and increase the speed of the electrical impulse along the axon?

myelin sheaths

What are the structural units of the nervous system; large specialized cells that conduct impulses?

neurons

What part of the neuron is the center - synthesizes proteins, membranes and other chemicals - integrates and interprets messages?

Neuron cell body (Perikaryon or Soma)

What are clusters of neuron cell bodies in the CNS?

nuclei

What lie along nerves in the PNS?

ganglia

What are armlike processes that extend from the neuron cell body?

neuron processes

What are bundles of neuron processes (axons) in the CNS?

tracts

What are bundles of neuron processes (axons) in PNS?

nerves

What are the types of neuron processes?

dendrites and axons

What neuron process in motor neurons collects information, and is the receptive region of the neuron?

dendrites

One axon per cell arises from the what?

axon hillock

What are the distal endings of the axon called?

axon terminals

What is the neuron cell membrane?

axolemma

What type of movement along the axon travels away from the cell body? (such as mitochondria, enzymes, membrane components)

anterograde

What type of movement along the axon goes toward the cell body? (such as viruses, signal molecules, bacterial toxins)

retrograde

What is the white-ish, protein-lipoid substance?

myelin

What are the functions of myelin?

protects and electrically insulates the axon, increases the speed of nerve impulse transmission

Myelination in the PNS is formed by what?

Schwann cells

What are the regions of the brain and spinal cord with dense collections of myelinated fibers?

white matter

What is mostly neuron cell bodies and nonmyelinated fibers

gray matter

What are the structural classifications of neurons?

multipolar, bipolar, unipolar

What are the functional classifications of neurons?

sensory, motor, interneurons

Which functional classification of neurons transmit impulses toward the CNS, and are almost all unipolar?

sensory

Which functional classification of neurons carry impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands, and are multipolar?

motor

Which functional classification of neurons shuttle signals through CNS pathways, lie between other neurons, comprise 99% of the body's neurons and are most confined in the CNS?

interneurons

What is a measure of potential energy generated by a separated charge?

voltage

What is the flow of electrical charge (ions) between two points?

current

What is the hindrance to charge flow?

resistance

What is the substance with high electrical resistance?

insulator

What is the substance with low electrical resistance?

conductor

What are the types of ion channels?

leakage (non gated) and gated

Which type of channel is always open?

leakage (nongated)

What type of channel involves part of the protein changing shape to open/close the channel?

gated

Which type of gated channel open with binding of a specific neurotransmitter?

chemically gated

Which type of gated channel opens and closes in response to changes in membrane potential?

voltage gated

Which type of gated channel opens and closes in response to physical deformation of receptors (like sensory receptors)?

mechanically gated channels

What is the potential difference across the membrane of a resting cell?

resting membrane potential

Is the resting membrane polarized or depolarized?

polarized

The cell is ________ when more sodium is outside and more potassium is inside.

polarized

What is the decrease in membrane potential, wherein the inside of the membrane becomes less negative, and the probability of producing a nerve impulse increases?

depolarization

What is an increase in membrane potential, wherein the inside of the cell is more negative, and the probability of producing a nerve impulse is reduced?

hyperpolarization

For an axon to "fire" depolarization must reach what?

threshold

What is the voltage at which the action potential is triggered?

threshold

What is the fact that an AP either happens completely, or it doesn't happen at all?

all or none phenomenon