front 1 Information gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes | back 1 sensory input |
front 2 Processing and interpretation of sensory input | back 2 integration |
front 3 activation of effector organs which produces a response | back 3 motor output |
front 4 What are the effector organs? | back 4 muscles and glands |
front 5 What is comprised of the brain and spinal cord, and is the integration and control center? | back 5 central nervous system |
front 6 What system interprets sensory input and dictates motor output | back 6 central nervous system |
front 7 What portion of the nervous system consists mainly of nerves? | back 7 peripheral nervous system |
front 8 What types of nerves make up the PNS? | back 8 spinal and cranial |
front 9 How many pairs of spinal nerves are in the PNS? | back 9 31 |
front 10 How many cranial nerves are in the PNS? | back 10 12 |
front 11 What are the function divisions of the PNS? | back 11 sensory and motor |
front 12 Which division of the PNS is afferent? | back 12 sensory |
front 13 Which division of the PNS is efferent? | back 13 motor |
front 14 Which fibers in the PNS sensory (afferent) division convey impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the CNS? | back 14 somatic sensory fibers |
front 15 What fibers in the PNS sensory (afferent) division convey impulses from visceral organs to CNS? | back 15 visceral sensory fibers |
front 16 What division of the PNS receives and sends towards the CNS? | back 16 afferent |
front 17 Which division of the PNS moves from the CNS to muscles or glands? | back 17 efferent |
front 18 Which division of the PNS transmit impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands? | back 18 efferent/motor |
front 19 What are the divisions of the motor (efferent) division of the PNS? | back 19 somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system |
front 20 Which motor division of the PNS conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles? | back 20 somatic nervous system |
front 21 Which motor division of the PNS has visceral motor nerve fibers and regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands? | back 21 autonomic nervous system |
front 22 What are the functional subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system? | back 22 sympathetic and parasympathetic |
front 23 What is the fight or flight subdivision of the autonomic nervous system? | back 23 sympathetic |
front 24 What is the rest and repose division of the autonomic nervous system? | back 24 parasympathetic |
front 25 What are the main cell types in nervous tissue? | back 25 neuroglia and neurons (nerve cells) |
front 26 What are the small cells in nervous tissue that surround and wrap delicate neurons? | back 26 neuroglia |
front 27 What are excitable cells in nervous tissue that transmit electrical signals | back 27 neurons (nerve cells) |
front 28 Which neuroglia pulls capillaries into the neuron to feed it, providing nutrition and oxygen, and gets rid of waste? | back 28 astrocytes |
front 29 Which neuroglia protects the neuron - can transform to phagocytize micoorganisms and debris? | back 29 microglial cells |
front 30 Which neuroglia range in shape from columnar to squamous, may be ciliated, and synthesize cerebrospinal fluid? | back 30 ependymal cells |
front 31 Which neuroglia are branched cells that mylenate axons - wraps the axon with a myelin sheath? | back 31 oligodendrocytes |
front 32 Which cells found in the PNS function similar to astrocytes by surrounding neuron cell bodies? | back 32 satellite cells |
front 33 Which cells in the PNS are similar to oligodendrocytes by surrounding the nerve fibers and forming myelin sheaths? | back 33 Schwann cells |
front 34 What helps improve and increase the speed of the electrical impulse along the axon? | back 34 myelin sheaths |
front 35 What are the structural units of the nervous system; large specialized cells that conduct impulses? | back 35 neurons |
front 36 What part of the neuron is the center - synthesizes proteins, membranes and other chemicals - integrates and interprets messages? | back 36 Neuron cell body (Perikaryon or Soma) |
front 37 What are clusters of neuron cell bodies in the CNS? | back 37 nuclei |
front 38 What lie along nerves in the PNS? | back 38 ganglia |
front 39 What are armlike processes that extend from the neuron cell body? | back 39 neuron processes |
front 40 What are bundles of neuron processes (axons) in the CNS? | back 40 tracts |
front 41 What are bundles of neuron processes (axons) in PNS? | back 41 nerves |
front 42 What are the types of neuron processes? | back 42 dendrites and axons |
front 43 What neuron process in motor neurons collects information, and is the receptive region of the neuron? | back 43 dendrites |
front 44 One axon per cell arises from the what? | back 44 axon hillock |
front 45 What are the distal endings of the axon called? | back 45 axon terminals |
front 46 What is the neuron cell membrane? | back 46 axolemma |
front 47 What type of movement along the axon travels away from the cell body? (such as mitochondria, enzymes, membrane components) | back 47 anterograde |
front 48 What type of movement along the axon goes toward the cell body? (such as viruses, signal molecules, bacterial toxins) | back 48 retrograde |
front 49 What is the white-ish, protein-lipoid substance? | back 49 myelin |
front 50 What are the functions of myelin? | back 50 protects and electrically insulates the axon, increases the speed of nerve impulse transmission |
front 51 Myelination in the PNS is formed by what? | back 51 Schwann cells |
front 52 What are the regions of the brain and spinal cord with dense collections of myelinated fibers? | back 52 white matter |
front 53 What is mostly neuron cell bodies and nonmyelinated fibers | back 53 gray matter |
front 54 What are the structural classifications of neurons? | back 54 multipolar, bipolar, unipolar |
front 55 What are the functional classifications of neurons? | back 55 sensory, motor, interneurons |
front 56 Which functional classification of neurons transmit impulses toward the CNS, and are almost all unipolar? | back 56 sensory |
front 57 Which functional classification of neurons carry impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands, and are multipolar? | back 57 motor |
front 58 Which functional classification of neurons shuttle signals through CNS pathways, lie between other neurons, comprise 99% of the body's neurons and are most confined in the CNS? | back 58 interneurons |
front 59 What is a measure of potential energy generated by a separated charge? | back 59 voltage |
front 60 What is the flow of electrical charge (ions) between two points? | back 60 current |
front 61 What is the hindrance to charge flow? | back 61 resistance |
front 62 What is the substance with high electrical resistance? | back 62 insulator |
front 63 What is the substance with low electrical resistance? | back 63 conductor |
front 64 What are the types of ion channels? | back 64 leakage (non gated) and gated |
front 65 Which type of channel is always open? | back 65 leakage (nongated) |
front 66 What type of channel involves part of the protein changing shape to open/close the channel? | back 66 gated |
front 67 Which type of gated channel open with binding of a specific neurotransmitter? | back 67 chemically gated |
front 68 Which type of gated channel opens and closes in response to changes in membrane potential? | back 68 voltage gated |
front 69 Which type of gated channel opens and closes in response to physical deformation of receptors (like sensory receptors)? | back 69 mechanically gated channels |
front 70 What is the potential difference across the membrane of a resting cell? | back 70 resting membrane potential |
front 71 Is the resting membrane polarized or depolarized? | back 71 polarized |
front 72 The cell is ________ when more sodium is outside and more potassium is inside. | back 72 polarized |
front 73 What is the decrease in membrane potential, wherein the inside of the membrane becomes less negative, and the probability of producing a nerve impulse increases? | back 73 depolarization |
front 74 What is an increase in membrane potential, wherein the inside of the cell is more negative, and the probability of producing a nerve impulse is reduced? | back 74 hyperpolarization |
front 75 For an axon to "fire" depolarization must reach what? | back 75 threshold |
front 76 What is the voltage at which the action potential is triggered? | back 76 threshold |
front 77 What is the fact that an AP either happens completely, or it doesn't happen at all? | back 77 all or none phenomenon |