____________ are the most common type of infection

Infections of the upper respiratory system

True or False
Pathogens that enter the respiratory system can infect other parts of the body.

True

The upper respiratory system consists of ______________

the nose, pharynx, and associated structures, such as the
middle ear and auditory tubes.

True or False
Coarse hairs in the nose filter large particles from air entering the respiratory tract

True

___________ of the nose and throat trap airborne particles and remove them from
the body.

The ciliated mucous membranes

____________ provide immunity to certain infections

. Lymphoid tissue, tonsils, and adenoids

The lower respiratory system consists of the ___________________

larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, and alveoli.

Microbes in the lungs can be phagocytized by

alveolar macrophages

Respiratory mucus contains _____ antibodies

IgA

The lower respiratory system is usually sterile because of the action of the ___________

ciliary escalator

Specific areas of the upper respiratory system can become infected to produce

pharyngitis, laryngitis,
tonsillitis, sinusitis, and epiglottitis.

True or False
Most respiratory tract infections are self-limiting

True

__________________________ can cause epiglottitis

H. influenza type b

Streptococcal Pharyngitis is caused by

group A beta-hemolytic streptococci

group A beta-hemolytic streptococci consists of

Streptococcus
pyogenes.

Symptoms of Streptococcal Pharyngitis (Strep Throat) are:

inflammation of the mucous membrane
fever
tonsillitis
otitis media

Rapid diagnosis of Strept Throat is made by _______________

enzyme immunoassays

True or False
Rapid Strept Tests are sensitive and specific

False
They are not very sensitive or specific

True or False
Negative tests must be confirmed by culture or another type of test.

True

True or False.
Immunity to streptococcal infections is type-specific

True

Strep throat, if left untreated results in ___________

Scarlet Fever

___________ produces erythrogenic toxin when lysogenized by a phage

S. pyogenes

Symptoms of Scarlet Fever include:

red rash
high fever
red, enlarged tongue

Diphtheria is caused by exotoxin-producing _________

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Diptheria exotoxin is produced when the bacteria are _______________

lysogenized by a phage

True or False
With Diptheria A membrane, containing fibrin and dead human and bacterial cells, forms in the throat and can block the passage of air.

True

The diptheria exotoxin inhibits ____________, and heart, kidney, or nerve damage may result

protein synthesis

Routine immunization in the United States includes diphtheria toxoid in the ___________

DTaP vaccine

Slow-healing skin ulcerations are characteristic of _________________

cutaneous diphtheria

Bacterial causes of Otitis Media include

Streptococcus pneumoniae, nonencapsulated Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella
catarrhalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus.

Any one of approximately 200 different viruses can cause the common cold

rhinoviruses cause about
50% of all colds.

Symptoms of the Common Cold include

sneezing, nasal secretions, and congestion

Rhinoviruses grow best

slightly below body temperature

True or False
Antibodies are produced against the specific viruses.

True

True or False
Many of the same microorganisms that infect the upper respiratory system also infect the lower respiratory
system

True

Diseases of the lower respiratory system include

bronchitis and pneumonia.

Pertussis is caused by

Bordetella pertussis

The initial stage of pertussis resembles a cold and is called the _____________

catarrhal stage

During Pertussis (Whooping Cough) The accumulation of mucus in the trachea and bronchi causes deep coughs characteristic of the ___________

paroxysmal
(second) stage

The third stage of pertussis is the ________ stage and can last for months

convalescence

True or false
Regular immunization for children has decreased the incidence of pertussis

True

Tuberculosis is caused by ________________

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

In Tuberculosis what accounts for the bacterium’s acid-fast characteristic as well as its resistance to drying and disinfectants?

Large amounts of lipids in the cell wall

M. tuberculosis may be ingested by _________________

alveolar macrophages

True or False
if M. tuberculosis is not killed, the bacteria reproduce in the macrophages.

True

Lesions formed by M. tuberculosis are called ________

tubercles

During Tuberculosis, dead macrophages and bacteria form the caseous lesion that might calcify and appear in an X-ray image as a ___________

Ghon’s complex

____________________ results in a tuberculous cavity in which M. tuberculosis can grow.

Liquefaction of the caseous lesion

New foci of infection can develop when a caseous lesion ruptures and releases bacteria into blood
or lymph vessels; this is called ____________.

miliary tuberculosis.

Miliary tuberculosis is characterized by _______________________________

weight loss, coughing, and loss of vigor

True or False
A positive tuberculin skin test can indicate either an active case of TB, prior infection, or vaccination
and immunity to the disease

True

_____________ causes bovine tuberculosis and can be transmitted to humans by unpasteurized
milk.

Mycobacterium bovis

M. bovis infections usually affect the __________________________________

bones or lymphatic system

True or False
Mycobacterium bovis causes bovine tuberculosis and can be transmitted to humans by unpasteurized
milk.

True

Typical community-acquired pneumonia is caused by

S. pneumoniae

Atypical pneumonias are caused by other microorganisms. Nosocomial pneumonia’s often caused by

gram negative rods.

Pneumococcal pneumonia is caused by __________________

encapsulated Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Syptoms are Pneumococcal Pneumonia are

fever, breathing difficulty, chest pain, and rust-colored sputum.

A vaccine of pneumococcal pneumonia consists of purified capsular material from ___________________________

23 serotypes of S. pneumoniae

Alcoholism, poor nutrition, cancer, and diabetes are predisposing factors for _______________________.

H. influenzae pneumonia

H. influenzae is a gram ______ _________

gram-negative coccobacillus

____________ causes mycoplasmal pneumonia

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Mycoplasmal Pneumonia is an ____________ disease

endemic

Mycoplasmal Pneumonia Often occurs in adolescents and young adults; may be referred to as __________________.

Walking pneumonia

Legionellosis is caused by ____________________

Legionella pneumophila

Legionellosis is an aerobic gram _______

negative

Legionaries disease can grow in

water, such as air-conditioning cooling towers, and then be disseminated in the air.

Legionella pneumonia :
A) does not appear to be transmitted from person to person
B) does appear to be transmitted from person to person

A) does not appear to be transmitted from person to person

Commercial bird handlers are most susceptible to this disease.

Psittacosis (Ornithosis)

Psittacosis is caused by

Chlamydophila psittaci

Chlamydophila psittaci is transmitted by

contact with contaminated droppings and exudates of fowl.

How does Chlamydophila psittaci {Psittacosis (ornithosis)} bacteria survive outside a host

Elementary bodies

Chlamydophila pneumoniae causes pneumonia

pneumonia

True or False
Chlamydophila pneumoniae is transmitted from person to person.

True

________ causes Q fever

Coxiella burnetii

Q Fever is usually transmitted to humans through

unpasteurized milk or inhalation of aerosols
in dairy barns

_____ is the most common cause of pneumonia in infants

RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)

Influenza is caused by ________ and is characterized by chills, fever, headache, and general muscular
aches.

Influenza virus

_________ and __________ spikes project from the outer lipid bilayer of the virus.

Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) spikes

Viral strains are identified by ___________

antigenic differences in the HA and NA spikes

Viral strains are divided by antigenic differences in their __________

protein coats (A, B, and C).

Viral isolates are identified by hemagglutination-inhibition tests and immunofluorescence testing
with _________________

monoclonal antibodies

________________ alter the antigenic nature of the HA and NA spikes

Antigenic shifts

Minor antigenic changes are caused by ________________.

antigenic drift

Deaths during an influenza epidemic are usually from

secondary bacterial infections

________________ are available for older adults and other high-risk groups

Multivalent vaccines

____________ and _____________ are effective prophylactic and curative drugs against influenza A virus

Amantadine and rimantadine

True or False
Fungal spores are easily inhaled; they may germinate in the lower respiratory tract.

True

True or False
The incidence of fungal diseases has been decreasing in recent years

False. It has been increasing

______________ causes Histoplasmosis

Histoplasma capsulatum

what is histoplasmosis

causes a subclinical respiratory infection that only occasionally progresses to a severe, generalized disease.

how do you diagnoses Histoplasmosis

Isolating or identifying the fungus in tissue

___________________________________ can result in coccidioidomycosis

Inhaling the airborne arthroconidia of Coccidioides immitis

If you have coccidioidomycosis when there are predisposing factors such as fatigue and poor nutrition, a progressive disease resembling ___________ can result.

tuberculosis

During Pneumocystis Pneumonia, _______________is found in healthy human lungs

Pneumocystis jirovecii

True or False
P. jirovecii causes disease in immunosuppressed patients.

True

_____________ is the causative agent of blastomycosis

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Blastomycosis infection begins in the _______ and can spread to cause extensive abscesses

lungs

Histoplasmis, Coccidioidomycosis, Pneumocystis Pneumonia, Blastomycosis can be treated with ___________

amphotericin B