Jonas Goodstart has been a patient at Happy Valley Community Hospital for 5 days. During his stay in the hospital, he was taken to the diagnostic imaging department several times for diagnostic imaging procedures. He was cared for each time he went to that department by a radiographer who had a severe upper respiratory infection. Two days after he returned home from the hospital, he also developed a severe upper respiratory infection. It would be appropriate to say that Mr. Goodstart had developed:

A) An iatrogenic infection
B) A nosocomial infection
C) A community-acquired infection
D) A bloodborne infection

B) A nosocomial infection

Mary Mandura, an 82-year-old white female, has been hospitalized for several weeks as a result of multiple injuries suffered in an automobile accident. She has been treated with a series of broad-spectrum antibiotics to discourage infection. Ms.Mandura now has severe diarrhea, and the stool culture has produced Clostridium difficile. This would be called:

A) A bloodborne infection
B) A community-acquired infection
C) A viral infection
D) A superinfection

D) A superinfection

Active production or receipt of antibodies

A) The skin, the hair, the acidic condition of the stomach and intestines
B) Antigen-antibody response
C) Acquired immunity
D) The inflammatory response
E) Natural active acquired immunity

C) Acquired immunity

The second line of defense against infection

A) The skin, the hair, the acidic condition of the stomach and intestines
B) Antigen-antibody response
C) Acquired immunity
D) The inflammatory response
E) Natural active acquired immunity

D) The inflammatory response

The first line of defense against infection

A) The skin, the hair, the acidic condition of the stomach and intestines
B) Antigen-antibody response
C) Acquired immunity
D) The inflammatory response
E) Natural active acquired immunity

A) The skin, the hair, the acidic condition of the stomach and intestines

Antibodies acquired by having a particular disease

A) The skin, the hair, the acidic condition of the stomach and intestines
B) Antigen-antibody response
C) Acquired immunity
D) The inflammatory response
E) Natural active acquired immunity

E) Natural active acquired immunity

The third line of defense against infection

A) The skin, the hair, the acidic condition of the stomach and intestines
B) Antigen-antibody response
C) Acquired immunity
D) The inflammatory response
E) Natural active acquired immunity

B) Antigen-antibody response

True or False?

There is currently less reason to be concerned about contracting HIV because there is improved treatment and the disease is no longer fatal.

False

Hepatitis B and hepatitis C are bloodborne viral infections. When you are caring for persons known to have either of these diseases, use the following infection control techniques:

A) Wear gloves if you may come in contact with blood or body substances.
B) Wear goggles if there is a possibility of your being splashed with blood or body substances.
C) Wear a particulate mask at all times.
D) Wear a waterproof gown or apron if there is a possibility that your clothing may be splashed by blood or body substances.
E) A and B are correct.

E) A and B are correct.

Explain the difference between Tier 1 and Tier 2 infection control precautions.

Tier 1 - Standard precautions to prevent spread of infection are used daily for all persons cared for in all health care set-tings.

Tier 2 - transmission-based precautions, infectious diseases require radiographers and all health care workers to take additional precautions, as well as standard precautions to prevent infection of other health care workers, patients, other persons in the health care setting, and oneself. These precautions are designed to place a barrier to the spread of highly infectious diseases between persons with such diseases and the persons caring for them.

True or False?

A person who has recently been infected with HIV may have no symptoms of disease but is able to transmit HIV to another person.

True

True or False?

HIV, or the disease that it produces, is transmitted by direct or indirect contact with infected blood or body substances.

True

Conducts multicenter studies on diseases and publishes a weekly out-line on the statistics of infectious diseases in the United States

A) Food and Drug Administration
B) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
C) World Health Organization
D) The Joint Commission
E) The U.S. Department of Health and Human Service

B) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Receives data concerning infectious disease from all countries and compiles a report for every country

A) Food and Drug Administration
B) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
C) World Health Organization
D) The Joint Commission
E) The U.S. Department of Health and Human Service

C) World Health Organization

Regulates the manufacture and sale of medications to protect health of U.S. citizens

A) Food and Drug Administration
B) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
C) World Health Organization
D) The Joint Commission
E) The U.S. Department of Health and Human Service

A) Food and Drug Administration

Sets requirements for hospital safety and infection control practices

A) Food and Drug Administration
B) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
C) World Health Organization
D) The Joint Commission
E) The U.S. Department of Health and Human Service

D) The Joint Commission

Controls disposal of medical waste

A) Food and Drug Administration
B) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
C) World Health Organization
D) The Joint Commission
E) The U.S. Department of Health and Human Service

E) The U.S. Department of Health and Human Service

The radiographer should always dress for the work-place with infection control in mind. This means that:

A) Clothing must be washable; fingernails must be kept short; shoes must be comfortable and have closed toes; and no jewelry is worn except a wristwatch and a wedding band.
B) The radiographer must look unattractive because anything that looks good spreads infection.
C) A scrub suit must be worn at all times.
D) The rules are to be followed when JCAHO is inspecting the institution in which you work.

A) Clothing must be washable; fingernails must be kept short; shoes must be comfortable and have closed toes; and no jewelry is worn except a wristwatch and a wedding band

Microorganisms that need a host cell to reproduce and are virtually unresponsive to antimicrobial drugs are:

A) Bacteria
B) Fungi
C) Protozoa
D) Viruses

D) Viruses

True or False?

When a person is in the incubation period of the disease process, the radiographer has no control over its transmission.

False

The radiographer must use strict infection control measures that include blood and body substance precautions for:

A) Every patient who enters the diagnostic imaging department
B) Patients who have known communicable diseases
C) Only patients who have AIDS and hepatitis B
D) Patients who seem ill

A) Every patient who enters the diagnostic imaging department

Blood and body substance precautions include:

A) Use of clean, disposable gloves for sick person
B) Use of clean, disposable gloves for contact of the hands with blood or body fluids, a mask and goggles if blood or body fluids may spray on your face, and a gown if the blood and body fluids may touch your clothing for any patient care that may involve contact with blood or body fluids
C) Clean, disposable gloves as necessary
D) Gown, gloves, mask, and goggles for all patient care

B) Use of clean, disposable gloves for contact of the hands with blood or body fluids, a mask and goggles if blood or body fluids may spray on your face, and a gown if the blood and body fluids may touch your clothing for any patient care that may involve contact with blood or body fluids

The most common means of spreading infection are:

A) Soiled instruments
B) Infected patients
C) Human hands
D) Domestic animals

C) Human hands

The elements needed to produce an infection are a source, a host, and a means of transmission. An example of a source of infection might be:

A) A radiography student who has a cold and comes to work
B) A visitor in the hospital who has a “feverblister” on her mouth
C) A patient who develops pneumonia
D) A, B, and C

D) A, B, and C

A safety precaution that must be taken when disposing of used hypodermic needles and syringesis:

A) To place tie needles in tie waste basket as soon as possible
B) To recap the needle and dispose of it quickly
C) To place the syringe immediately after use with the uncapped needle attached directly into the contaminated waste receptacle provided
D) To detach the needle from the syringe and place only the needle in the contaminated waste receptacle

C) To place the syringe immediately after use with the uncapped needle attached directly into the contaminated waste receptacle provided

Touching objects that have been contaminated with disease-producing microbes

A) Direct contact
B) Indirect contact
C) Droplet contact
D) Vehicle contact
E) Airborne contact

B) Indirect contact

Ingesting contaminated water, food, drugs, or blood

A) Direct contact
B) Indirect contact
C) Droplet contact
D) Vehicle contact
E) Airborne contact

D) Vehicle contact

Inhaling air contaminated with infectious microbes

A) Direct contact
B) Indirect contact
C) Droplet contact
D) Vehicle contact
E) Airborne contact

E) Airborne contact

Contact with secretions transferred by sneezing, coughing, or talking

A) Direct contact
B) Indirect contact
C) Droplet contact
D) Vehicle contact
E) Airborne contact

C) Droplet contact

Touching contaminated material with hands

A) Direct contact
B) Indirect contact
C) Droplet contact
D) Vehicle contact
E) Airborne contact

A) Direct contact

When caring for a patient whom you know to be infected with HIV and who does not have AIDS, you use standard blood and body fluid precautions and:

A) Share the information with the technologist in the next room who has no contact with the patient
B) Keep all information concerning the patient confidential
C) Keep the patient’s chart in a place where it cannot be read by others
D) B and C are correct

D) B and C are correct

True or False?

The radiographer who has received a needle-stick injury is obliged to notify his supervisor at the end of the work day.

False

Hand hygiene is to be used in the following situations by radiographers in the workplace:

A) Before caring for a patient
B) After caring for a patient
C) When preparing for invasive procedures
D) A and C are correct
E) A, B, and C are correct

E) A, B, and C are correct

True or False?

If it is not possible to find a sink to wash hands, it is safe to use alcohol-based hand rubs.

True

The route of transmission of MRSA, VRE, VRSA, and ESBL is

A) Droplet contact
B) Airborne contact
C) Direct contact
D) Vector contact

C) Direct contact

When the radiographer is to enter the newborn nursery, he must do the following:

A) Always wear a cap and mask
B) Always scrub his hands for 3 minutes
C) Always clean his equipment with disinfectant solution
D) A and B are correct
E) B and C are correct

E) B and C are correct

The radiographer entering the room of a patient with tuberculosis must wear the following:

A) Gloves
B) An N95 respirator mask
C) Gown and waterproof apron
D) A and B are correct
E) Only B is correct

D) A and B are correct