Cartilaginous

1. Typically allows a slight degree of movement
2. Includes joints between the vertebral bodies and pubic symphysis
3. Characterized by cartilage connecting the bony portions

Fibrous

1. Essentially immovable joints
2. Sutures are most remembered examples
3. Bone regions united by fibrous connective tissue

Synovial

1. Characterized by fibrous articular capsule lined with a synovial membrane surrounding joint cavity
2. Freely movable or diarthrotic
3. Hip, knee, elbow joints

Ligament

Dense connective tissue that connects bones together and stabilizes joints during movement

Tendon

Connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

Articular cartilage

Connective tissue that cushions the bone and allows a "gliding" motion

Synovial membrane

Soft connective tissue secretes fluid to lubricate joint and reduce friction

Bursa

Fibrous connective tissue that prevents friction within the joints

Joint between the axis and atlas

Pivot

Hip joint

Ball and socket

Intervertebral joints between articular processes

Condyloid

Joint between forearm bones and wrist

Condyloid

Elbow

Hinge

Interphalangeal joints

Hinge

Intercarpal joints

Gliding

Joint between talus and fibia/tibula

Hinge

Joint between skull and vertebral column

Condyloid

Joint between jaw and skull

Hinge

Joints between proximal phalanges and metacarpal bones

Condyloid

Multiaxial joint

Ball and socket

Biaxial joints

Condyloid and saddle

Uniaxial joints

Hinge and pivot

Name two important factors that contribute to the stability of the hip joint.

Deep socket to femur, and strongly enforced articular capsule

Name two important factors that contribute to the stability of the knee.

Menisci and ligaments and tendons crossing

Shoulder joint is built for mobility; list four factors that contribute to the range of motion at the shoulder.

1. Large head of humerus moves easily against shallow glenoid cavity of scapula

2. Ball and socket joint; most flexibility

3. Articular capsule thin and loose

4. Few ligaments stengthening joint

During muscle contraction

The insertion moves toward the origin

What structural joint changes are common to the elderly?

Joints degenerate. Adhesions may form where bones joint, and extraneous bone tissue can grow along joint edges

Define sprain.

Reinforcing ligaments are damaged due to excessive strain.

Define dislocation.

Bones forced out of their normal position in joint cavity.

What type of tissue damage might you expect to find in a dislocated joint?

1. Torn/stressed ligament and inflammation.
2. Joint capsule and ligaments remain stretched.