Cartilaginous
1. Typically allows a slight degree of movement
2. Includes joints between the vertebral bodies and pubic symphysis
3. Characterized by cartilage connecting the bony portions
Fibrous
1. Essentially immovable joints
2. Sutures are most remembered examples
3. Bone regions united by fibrous connective tissue
Synovial
1. Characterized by fibrous articular capsule lined with a synovial membrane surrounding joint cavity
2. Freely movable or diarthrotic
3. Hip, knee, elbow joints
Ligament
Dense connective tissue that connects bones together and stabilizes joints during movement
Tendon
Connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
Articular cartilage
Connective tissue that cushions the bone and allows a "gliding" motion
Synovial membrane
Soft connective tissue secretes fluid to lubricate joint and reduce friction
Bursa
Fibrous connective tissue that prevents friction within the joints
Joint between the axis and atlas
Pivot
Hip joint
Ball and socket
Intervertebral joints between articular processes
Condyloid
Joint between forearm bones and wrist
Condyloid
Elbow
Hinge
Interphalangeal joints
Hinge
Intercarpal joints
Gliding
Joint between talus and fibia/tibula
Hinge
Joint between skull and vertebral column
Condyloid
Joint between jaw and skull
Hinge
Joints between proximal phalanges and metacarpal bones
Condyloid
Multiaxial joint
Ball and socket
Biaxial joints
Condyloid and saddle
Uniaxial joints
Hinge and pivot
Name two important factors that contribute to the stability of the hip joint.
Deep socket to femur, and strongly enforced articular capsule
Name two important factors that contribute to the stability of the knee.
Menisci and ligaments and tendons crossing
Shoulder joint is built for mobility; list four factors that contribute to the range of motion at the shoulder.
1. Large head of humerus moves easily against shallow glenoid cavity of scapula
2. Ball and socket joint; most flexibility
3. Articular capsule thin and loose
4. Few ligaments stengthening joint
During muscle contraction
The insertion moves toward the origin
What structural joint changes are common to the elderly?
Joints degenerate. Adhesions may form where bones joint, and extraneous bone tissue can grow along joint edges
Define sprain.
Reinforcing ligaments are damaged due to excessive strain.
Define dislocation.
Bones forced out of their normal position in joint cavity.
What type of tissue damage might you expect to find in a dislocated joint?
1. Torn/stressed ligament and inflammation.
2. Joint capsule and ligaments remain stretched.