Shape

Terms such as "long, flat, short, and irregular" are used to classify bones

Long Bone

Elongated shape

MIneral Storage

Metabolic function in the skeletal system

Fossae

Depressions on bones

Trochanter

projection on a bone that is a site of muscle or ligament attachment

Osteoclasp

not a type of bone

Osteon

group of concentric rings of bone matrix compromising the functional unit of long bones

canaliculi

Ajacent osteocytes communicate via gap junctions found within these.

Principle component of bone that contributes to hardness

Flat bones

created via intramembraneous ossification

Osteoblasts

responsible for initiating ossification of bone

Bone not grown in length

long bone growth whose cartilage stopped dividing in epiplyscal disc (plate) stops working

Decrease

In a patient whose parathyroid glands have been removed , you would expect that persons blood calcium level to____________.

Calcium homeostatic importance

numerous metabolic activities, strengthen bone, muscle contraction, blood coagulation

Femur

Which bone is capable of carrying the greatest weight

Fibula

Not a weight bearing bone

22

Total bones in skull

8

cranial bones in skull
**frontal bone, 2 parietal bones, 2 temporal bones, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

14

facial bones in skull

frontal

skull bone connected to rest of cranium posteriorly

Bones contains 4 major areas

squamous, tympan, mastoid, temporal

zygomatic bone

scientific name for cheekbone

hyoid

bone that doesn't articulate with any other bone in the skeleton

26

number of individual bones in adult vertebral column

Primary functions of vertebral column

-protection of spinal column/cord & transmission of weight

Intervertebral foramina function

exit of spinal cords

transverseforama

makes cervical vertebrae uniquely identifiable

occipital condyles

moves while nodding yes while the dens stabilizes movement while shaking head no

major functions of thoracic cage

1. protects lungs
2. helps expand thoracic cavity during breathing

sternum

bone not part of appendicular skeleton

flexibility, stability

the arrangement of bones and muscles of the pectoral girdle is such that there is a high degree of __________, and a low level of __________.

surgical neck

the most frequently fractured portion of the humerus

medial epicondyle

funny bone

radius, ulna

the _______rotates about the_______ when you pronate your forearm

phalanx

the bone that would bear a ring

3

a hip bone is made of how many separate bones?

humerus

arm bone

clavicle, scapula

bones of the shoulder girdle

radius, ulna

forearm bones

acromion

scapular region that connects to clavicle

scapula

shoulder girdle bone that does not attache to the axial skeleton

clavicle

shoulder girdle bone that articulates (joins) with and transmits forces to the bony thorax

glenoid cavity

depression in the scapula that articulates (joins) with the humerus

coracoid process

process above the glenoid cavity that permits muscle attachment

clavicle

the collarbone

trochlea

distal condyle of the humorous that articulates with the ulna

ulna

medical bone of the forearm

capitulum

rounded knob on the humerus, adjoins the radius

coronoid fossa

anterior depression, superior to the trohclea, which receives part of the ulna when forearm is flexed

ulna

forearm bone involved in formation of the elbow joint

carpals

wrist bones

phalanges

finger bones

metacarpals

heads of these bones form the knuckles

scapula, sternum

bones that articulate (join) with the clavicle

14

total number of phalanges in the hand

8

total number of carpals of the wrist

carpals in proximal row

pisiform, triquetral, lunate, scaphoid

carpals in distal row

hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium

pubis, ilium, and ischium

fuse to form coxal bone

ischium

"sit down" bone of the coxal bone

pubic symphysis

point where the coxal bones join anteriorly (front)

iliac crest

superiormost (toward head) margin of the coxal bone

acetabulum

deep socket in the coxal bone that receives the head of the thigh bone

sacroiliac joint

joint between axial skeleton and pelvic girdle

femur

longest, strongest bone in the body

fibula

thin lateral leg bone

tibia

heavy medial leg bone

femur, tibia

bones forming knee joint

tibial tuberosity

point where patellar ligament attaches

patella

knee cap

tibia

shinbone

medial malleolus

medial ankle projection

lateral malleolus

lateral ankle projection

calcaneous

largest tarsal bone

tarsals

ankle bones

metatarsals

bones forming the instep of the foot

abturator foramen

opening in hipbone formed by the pubic and ischial rami

gluteal tuberosity, greater and lesser trochanters

sites of muscle attachment on the proximal femur

talus

tarsal bone that "sits" on the calcaneous

tibia

weight bearing bone of the leg

talus

tarsal bone that articulates(joins) with the tibia

cartilaginous

typically allows a slight degree of movement

cartilaginous

includes joints between the vertebral bodies and the pubic symphysis

fibrous

essentially immovable joints

fibrous

sutures are the most remembered examples

cartilaginous

characterized by cartilage connecting the bony portions

synovial

all characterized by a fibrous articular capsule lined with a synovial membrane surrounding a joint cavity

synovial

all are freely movable or diarthrotic

fibrous

bone regions united by fibrous connective tissue

synovial

include the hip, knee, and elbow joints

ligament

dense fibrous connective tissue; attaches bones together--reinforces joints

tendon

dense fibrous connective tissue attaching muscle to bone; reinforces the joint capsules it spans a joint

articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage, reduces friction where bones articulate

synovial membrane

loose connective tissue, produces synovial fluid which decreases friction within the joint capsule

bursa

fluid- filled synovial sac which cushions the tendon where it crosses the bone

pivot

joint between the axis and atlas

ball and socket

hip joint

plane

intervertebral joints (between articular processes)

condylar

joint between forearm bones and wrist

hinge

elbow

hinge

interphalangeal joints

plane

intercarpal joints

hinge

joint between talus and tibia/fibula

condylar

joint between skull and vertebral column

hinge

joint between jaw and skull

condylar

joints between proximal phalanges and metacarpal bones

ball and socket

a multiaxial joint

condylar, saddle

biaxial joints

hinge, pivot

uniaxial joints

one plane

uniaxial joints

two planes

biaxial joints

three or more

multiaxial joints

characteristics of joints

all consist of bony regions held together by fibrous or cartilaginous connective tissue, or by a joint capsule

cervical curvature

7 vertebrae ( C1-C7)

Thoracic curvature

12 vertebrae (T1- T12)
-spinous process (T1)
-transverse processes (T4)
-intervertebral discs (in between 9 & 10)
-intervertebral foramen (hole in between

Lumbar curvature

5 vertebrae (L1 - L5)

Sacral curvature

5 fused vertebrae sacrum

coccyx

4 fused vertebrae

206

bones in adult skeleton

axial skeleton

long axis of body: skull, vertebral column, rib cage

Appendicular skeleton

extremities, bones of upper and lower limbs, girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton

rickets

a disease caused by vitamin D deficiency in children

long bones

**used as levers**
-longer than they are wide
-limb, wrist, ankle bones

short bones

**in areas that require a wide range of motion**
-cube shaped bones (in wrist & ankle)
-sesamoid bones (within tendons --ex--patella)
-vary in size and number in different individuals

Flat bones

**used for protection to vital organs**
-thin, flat, slightly curved
-sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones

Irregular bones

**left over that don't fit into other categories**
-complicated shapes
-vertebrae, coxal bones, facial bones

7 functions of bones

-support
-protection
-movement
-mineral and growth factor storage
-blood cell formation (bone marrow)
-triglyceride (fat) storage
-hormone production

Function of bones : Support

for body and soft organs

Function of bones : Protection

-for brain, spinal cord, and vital organs

Function of bones : Movement

-levers for muscle action

Function of bones : Mineral and growth factor storage

-calcium & phosphorus, and growth facto reservoir

Function of bones : Blood cell formation

hematopoiesis in red marrow cavities of certain bones

Function of bones : Triglyceride (fat) storage

in bone cavities ---> energy source

Function of bones : hormone production

osteocalcin
-regulates bone formation
-protects against obesity, glucose intolerance, diabetes mellitus

Bone

-are organs
-contain all different types of tissue
-grow with reproduction of cartilage cells

bone texture

compact --> dense outer layer; smooth and solid
spongy-->honeycomb of flat pieces (trabeculae) --red bone marrow lives in spongy

hyaline cartilage

covers joint/articular surfaces

periosteum

-covers external surfaces except joint surfaces
-outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue
-white, double layered membrane
-anchoring points for tendons and ligaments

endosteum

-aerolar connective tissue based membrane
-covers trabecular of spongy bone
-lining of internal cavity of bone

hematopoietic tissue

-red marrow
--produces ALL blood cells red and white
-not a lot in adults
found in trabecular cavities of spongy bone

Bone markings

-sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment on external surfaces
-joint surfaces
-conduits for blood vessels and nerves
-projections
-depressions
-openings

projections

-stress created by muscle pull or joint modifications
-occurs bc muscles or tendons are attached to the bone

tuberosity

large rounded projection, may be roughened

crest

narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent

trochanter

very large, blunt, irregular shaped process (only on femur)

line

narrow ridge of bone, less prominent tun a crest

tubercule

small rounded projection or process

epicondyle

raised area on or above condyle

spine

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

process

any bony prominence

head

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

facet

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

condyle

rounded articular (joined) projection

ramus

armlike bar of bone

groove

furrow

fissure

narrow, slitlike opening

foramen

round or oval opening through a bone

notch

indentation at the edge of a structure

meatus

canal-like passageway

sinus

cavity within a bone, filled with air and line with a mucous membrane

fossa

shallow, basin like depression in a bone, often serving as a articular surface

Cells of bone tissue

-(baby) osteogenic cells
-(teen) osteoblasts
-(adult) osteocytes
-bone lining cells --found under endosteum periosteum
-osteoclasts --cells that destroy bone

osteogenic

-baby
-miotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum

osteoblasts

-teenager
-bone forming cells
-makes bone matrix that is primarily collagen
-secrete unmineralized bone matrix or osteoid

osteocytes

-adult
-mature bone cells in lacunae
-monitor and maintain bone matrix
-act as stress or strain sensors
-all bones formed out of cartilage

bone lining cells

-flat cells on bone surfaces believed to help maintain matrix
-help maintain matrix and collagen
-external bone surface called periosteal cells
-lining internal surfaces called endosteall cells

osteoclasts

-come from red marrow (hematopoietic stem cells)
-secrete a weak acidic solution similar to vinegar
-dissolves calcium out of bone

compact bone

lamellar bone

osteon/ haversian system

-runs longitudinally
-structural unit of compact bone
-elongated cylinder

lamellae

-hollow tubes of bone matrix
-in osteon in compact bone
-collagen fibers in adjacent rings run in different directions
-withstands stress--resists twisting

central (haversian) canal

-runs through core of osteon
-contains blood vessels and nerve fibers
-can bleed to death from broken bone

lacunae

-small cavities that contain osteocytes

canaliculi

hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and central canal

osteoid

-1/3 of organic bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts
-90% main component is collagen
-contributes to structure; gives bone strength and flexibility

hydroxyapatites

-mineral salts
-65% of bone by mass
-mainly inorganic component calcium phosphate crystals
-responsible for hardness and resistance due to compression

frontal

forehead bone

zygomatic

cheekbone

mandible

lower jaw

nasal

bridge of nose

palatine

posterior bones of the hard plate

parietal

much of lateral and superior cranium

occipital

most posterior part of cranium

sphenoid

single, irregular, bat-shaped bone forming part of the cranial base

lacrimal

tiny bones bearing tear ducts

maxilla

anterior part of hard plate

ethmoid

superior and middle nasal conchae formed from its projections

temporal

site of mastoid process

sphenoid

site of sella turcica

ethmoid

site of cribriform plate

mandible

site of mental foramen

temporal

site of styloid processes

4 bones containing paranasal sinuses

ethmoid, frontal, maxilla, sphenoid

occipital

condyles here articulate (join) with the atlas

occipital

foramen magnum contained here

hyoid

small U-shaped bone in neck, where many tongue muscles attach

vomer, nasal

two bones that form the nasal spetum

ethmoid

bears an upward protrusion, the "cock's thumb", or crista galli

mandible, maxilla

contain sockets bearing teeth

sacrum

composite bone, articulates(joins) with hip bone laterally

lumbar vertebrae

massive vertebrae; weight sustaining

coccyx

"tail bone" ; vestigial fused vertebrae

atlas

supports head; allows a rocking motion in conjunction with the occipital condyles

axis

dens here provide a pivot for rotation of the first cervical vertebrae

ribs and sternum

major bony components of the thorax

true rib

-attached to cartilage
-directly articulates (joins) with sternum

fibrocartilage

tissue that makes up the intervertebral discs

orbit

eye socket

squamous suture

connects temporal and parietal on each side of skull

14 facial bones

-doesn't touch brain
-2 lacrimal
-2 nasal
-2 zygoma
-2 maxilla
-2 palatine
-2 inferior nasal conchae
-vomer
-mandible

8 cranial bones

-all touch brain
-2 parietal
-2 temporal
-frontal
-occipital
-sphenoid
-ethmoid