A & P Flashcards

Terms such as "long, flat, short, and irregular" are used to classify bones

Elongated shape

Metabolic function in the skeletal system

Depressions on bones

projection on a bone that is a site of muscle or ligament attachment

not a type of bone

group of concentric rings of bone matrix compromising the functional unit of long bones

Ajacent osteocytes communicate via gap junctions found within these.

Principle component of bone that contributes to hardness

created via intramembraneous ossification

responsible for initiating ossification of bone

long bone growth whose cartilage stopped dividing in epiplyscal disc (plate) stops working

In a patient whose parathyroid glands have been removed , you would expect that persons blood calcium level to____________.

numerous metabolic activities, strengthen bone, muscle contraction, blood coagulation

Which bone is capable of carrying the greatest weight

Not a weight bearing bone

Total bones in skull

cranial bones in skull
**frontal bone, 2 parietal bones, 2 temporal bones, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

facial bones in skull

skull bone connected to rest of cranium posteriorly

squamous, tympan, mastoid, temporal

scientific name for cheekbone

bone that doesn't articulate with any other bone in the skeleton

number of individual bones in adult vertebral column

-protection of spinal column/cord & transmission of weight

exit of spinal cords

makes cervical vertebrae uniquely identifiable

moves while nodding yes while the dens stabilizes movement while shaking head no

1. protects lungs
2. helps expand thoracic cavity during breathing

bone not part of appendicular skeleton

the arrangement of bones and muscles of the pectoral girdle is such that there is a high degree of __________, and a low level of __________.

the most frequently fractured portion of the humerus

funny bone

the _______rotates about the_______ when you pronate your forearm

the bone that would bear a ring

a hip bone is made of how many separate bones?

arm bone

bones of the shoulder girdle

forearm bones

scapular region that connects to clavicle

shoulder girdle bone that does not attache to the axial skeleton

shoulder girdle bone that articulates (joins) with and transmits forces to the bony thorax

depression in the scapula that articulates (joins) with the humerus

process above the glenoid cavity that permits muscle attachment

the collarbone

distal condyle of the humorous that articulates with the ulna

medical bone of the forearm

rounded knob on the humerus, adjoins the radius

anterior depression, superior to the trohclea, which receives part of the ulna when forearm is flexed

forearm bone involved in formation of the elbow joint

wrist bones

finger bones

heads of these bones form the knuckles

bones that articulate (join) with the clavicle

total number of phalanges in the hand

total number of carpals of the wrist

pisiform, triquetral, lunate, scaphoid

hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium

fuse to form coxal bone

"sit down" bone of the coxal bone

point where the coxal bones join anteriorly (front)

superiormost (toward head) margin of the coxal bone

deep socket in the coxal bone that receives the head of the thigh bone

joint between axial skeleton and pelvic girdle

longest, strongest bone in the body

thin lateral leg bone

heavy medial leg bone

bones forming knee joint

point where patellar ligament attaches

knee cap

shinbone

medial ankle projection

lateral ankle projection

largest tarsal bone

ankle bones

bones forming the instep of the foot

opening in hipbone formed by the pubic and ischial rami

sites of muscle attachment on the proximal femur

tarsal bone that "sits" on the calcaneous

weight bearing bone of the leg

tarsal bone that articulates(joins) with the tibia

typically allows a slight degree of movement

includes joints between the vertebral bodies and the pubic symphysis

essentially immovable joints

sutures are the most remembered examples

characterized by cartilage connecting the bony portions

all characterized by a fibrous articular capsule lined with a synovial membrane surrounding a joint cavity

all are freely movable or diarthrotic

bone regions united by fibrous connective tissue

include the hip, knee, and elbow joints

dense fibrous connective tissue; attaches bones together--reinforces joints

dense fibrous connective tissue attaching muscle to bone; reinforces the joint capsules it spans a joint

hyaline cartilage, reduces friction where bones articulate

loose connective tissue, produces synovial fluid which decreases friction within the joint capsule

fluid- filled synovial sac which cushions the tendon where it crosses the bone

joint between the axis and atlas

hip joint

intervertebral joints (between articular processes)

joint between forearm bones and wrist

elbow

interphalangeal joints

intercarpal joints

joint between talus and tibia/fibula

joint between skull and vertebral column

joint between jaw and skull

joints between proximal phalanges and metacarpal bones

a multiaxial joint

biaxial joints

uniaxial joints

uniaxial joints

biaxial joints

multiaxial joints

all consist of bony regions held together by fibrous or cartilaginous connective tissue, or by a joint capsule

7 vertebrae ( C1-C7)

12 vertebrae (T1- T12)
-spinous process (T1)
-transverse processes (T4)
-intervertebral discs (in between 9 & 10)
-intervertebral foramen (hole in between

5 vertebrae (L1 - L5)

5 fused vertebrae sacrum

4 fused vertebrae

bones in adult skeleton

long axis of body: skull, vertebral column, rib cage

extremities, bones of upper and lower limbs, girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton

a disease caused by vitamin D deficiency in children

**used as levers**
-longer than they are wide
-limb, wrist, ankle bones

**in areas that require a wide range of motion**
-cube shaped bones (in wrist & ankle)
-sesamoid bones (within tendons --ex--patella)
-vary in size and number in different individuals

**used for protection to vital organs**
-thin, flat, slightly curved
-sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones

**left over that don't fit into other categories**
-complicated shapes
-vertebrae, coxal bones, facial bones

-support
-protection
-movement
-mineral and growth factor storage
-blood cell formation (bone marrow)
-triglyceride (fat) storage
-hormone production

for body and soft organs

-for brain, spinal cord, and vital organs

-levers for muscle action

-calcium & phosphorus, and growth facto reservoir

hematopoiesis in red marrow cavities of certain bones

in bone cavities ---> energy source

osteocalcin
-regulates bone formation
-protects against obesity, glucose intolerance, diabetes mellitus

-are organs
-contain all different types of tissue
-grow with reproduction of cartilage cells

compact --> dense outer layer; smooth and solid
spongy-->honeycomb of flat pieces (trabeculae) --red bone marrow lives in spongy

covers joint/articular surfaces

-covers external surfaces except joint surfaces
-outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue
-white, double layered membrane
-anchoring points for tendons and ligaments

-aerolar connective tissue based membrane
-covers trabecular of spongy bone
-lining of internal cavity of bone

-red marrow
--produces ALL blood cells red and white
-not a lot in adults
found in trabecular cavities of spongy bone

-sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment on external surfaces
-joint surfaces
-conduits for blood vessels and nerves
-projections
-depressions
-openings

-stress created by muscle pull or joint modifications
-occurs bc muscles or tendons are attached to the bone

large rounded projection, may be roughened

narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent

very large, blunt, irregular shaped process (only on femur)

narrow ridge of bone, less prominent tun a crest

small rounded projection or process

raised area on or above condyle

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

any bony prominence

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

rounded articular (joined) projection

armlike bar of bone

furrow

narrow, slitlike opening

round or oval opening through a bone

indentation at the edge of a structure

canal-like passageway

cavity within a bone, filled with air and line with a mucous membrane

shallow, basin like depression in a bone, often serving as a articular surface

-(baby) osteogenic cells
-(teen) osteoblasts
-(adult) osteocytes
-bone lining cells --found under endosteum periosteum
-osteoclasts --cells that destroy bone

-baby
-miotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum

-teenager
-bone forming cells
-makes bone matrix that is primarily collagen
-secrete unmineralized bone matrix or osteoid

-adult
-mature bone cells in lacunae
-monitor and maintain bone matrix
-act as stress or strain sensors
-all bones formed out of cartilage

-flat cells on bone surfaces believed to help maintain matrix
-help maintain matrix and collagen
-external bone surface called periosteal cells
-lining internal surfaces called endosteall cells

-come from red marrow (hematopoietic stem cells)
-secrete a weak acidic solution similar to vinegar
-dissolves calcium out of bone

lamellar bone

-runs longitudinally
-structural unit of compact bone
-elongated cylinder

-hollow tubes of bone matrix
-in osteon in compact bone
-collagen fibers in adjacent rings run in different directions
-withstands stress--resists twisting

-runs through core of osteon
-contains blood vessels and nerve fibers
-can bleed to death from broken bone

-small cavities that contain osteocytes

hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and central canal

-1/3 of organic bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts
-90% main component is collagen
-contributes to structure; gives bone strength and flexibility

-mineral salts
-65% of bone by mass
-mainly inorganic component calcium phosphate crystals
-responsible for hardness and resistance due to compression

forehead bone

cheekbone

lower jaw

bridge of nose

posterior bones of the hard plate

much of lateral and superior cranium

most posterior part of cranium

single, irregular, bat-shaped bone forming part of the cranial base

tiny bones bearing tear ducts

anterior part of hard plate

superior and middle nasal conchae formed from its projections

site of mastoid process

site of sella turcica

site of cribriform plate

site of mental foramen

site of styloid processes

ethmoid, frontal, maxilla, sphenoid

condyles here articulate (join) with the atlas

foramen magnum contained here

small U-shaped bone in neck, where many tongue muscles attach

two bones that form the nasal spetum

bears an upward protrusion, the "cock's thumb", or crista galli

contain sockets bearing teeth

composite bone, articulates(joins) with hip bone laterally

massive vertebrae; weight sustaining

"tail bone" ; vestigial fused vertebrae

supports head; allows a rocking motion in conjunction with the occipital condyles

dens here provide a pivot for rotation of the first cervical vertebrae

major bony components of the thorax

-attached to cartilage
-directly articulates (joins) with sternum

tissue that makes up the intervertebral discs

eye socket

connects temporal and parietal on each side of skull

-doesn't touch brain
-2 lacrimal
-2 nasal
-2 zygoma
-2 maxilla
-2 palatine
-2 inferior nasal conchae
-vomer
-mandible

-all touch brain
-2 parietal
-2 temporal
-frontal
-occipital
-sphenoid
-ethmoid