What is the bacterial structure that is a potent activator of innate host response?

LPS

What is the antiphagocytic bacterial structure?

Capsule

What kind of peptidoglycan have a Gram-Positive bacteria?

Thick and Layered

What is the common biochemical pathway for the pyruvate in the bacteria without oxygen?

Fermentation, pyruvate reduced to lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase, regenerating NAD+ in the process.

What structure is a protection of colony from environmental, antimicrobials, and host response?

Biofilm

Which virulence mechanisms attach the bacteria to the host?

Adhesions

Which mechanisms of virulence occurs when the bacterium enters the host?

Invasions

Which bacterial products are that harm tissue or destroyed biological activities?

Endotoxins, but products depend on the bacteria (Exotoxins)

Which mechanisms of antibiotic action interference with bacterial cell wall?

Many of them inhibit peptidoglycan formation of layers or its synthesis completely

Which mechanisms of antibiotic action stop the protein production?

1. Prevent release of peptide chains, elongation, initiation and binding in 30s ribosome

2. Prevent initiation of synthesis and elongation in 50s ribosome

Which mechanisms of antibiotic action stop the genetic material production?

• Bind subunit of DNA gyrase
• Prevent transcription by binding RNA polymerase
• Disrupts bacteria DNA

Which mechanisms of antibiotic action stops the bacterial production of what it needs?

• Inhibits dihydropteroate synthase & reductase
• Disrupts folic acid synthesis

(Sulfonamides, Dapsone, Trimethoprim)

Which bacteria can act in different tissues?

S. aureus

Which bacteria has factors that need to be internalized into the host to become activated?

B. anthracis

Which bacteria comes to present as a symptom cough and sometimes with blood?

m. tuberculosis???

Which bacteria can’t be cultured on artificial media?

Mycobacterium Leprae

Which bacteria have a very specific shape that you can recognize in the microscope?

v. cholerae???

Which bacteria can produce abortion and diphteria?

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Which bacteria uses holey's agar to detection?

Listeria and Related Gram-Positive Bacteria

Which bacteria can produce Gonorrhea?

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Which bacteria has capsular polysaccharides?

Haemphilus (5 types, influenzae, aegyptius, ducreyl, actinomycetemcomitans, multocida)

Which virulence factors are associated with Enterobacteriaceae family?

Endotoxin, Capsule, Antigenic phase, Type 3 secretions, Sequestration of growth factors, Resistance to serum killing, and Antimicrobial resistance. LPS

E. coli --> Adhesions & Exotoxins.

Which bacteria is confirmed with TCBS agar?

Vibrio cholerae

Which bacteria is the most common opportunistic?

Anaerobic, Non-spore-forming, Gram-positive rods

ex. Lactobacillus spp. & Bifidobacterium spp.

Which bacteria produces Pertussis?

Bordetella pertussis

Which bacteria produces Brucellosis?

Brucella

Which bacteria produces Tularemia?

francisella tularensis???

Which bacteria produces Syphillis?

Treponema pallidum

Which bacteria produces Botulism?

Clostridium botulinum

Which bacteria is anaerobic and although it is part of commercial probiotics for children and is
considered good for health, it can cause diseases if it is found in places such as the heart?

lactobacillus???

Which bacteria produces Lyme disease?

Spirochaetaceae BORRELIA???

Which bacteria doesn’t have cell wall?

MYCOPLASMA

Are edema factor and lethal factor toxic by themselves?

NO??

What is the main property in isolated culture of Clostridium perfringens?

Form endospores (gas production & double zone hemolysis)

Why do mycobacterial infections have to be treated with multiple drugs for 6 months or more?

Lipid rich cell wall makes it resistant to traditional common antibacterial antibiotics. It is slowly growing.

What virulence factors have been associated with Neisseriaceae family?

1. Pilin
2. Por
3. Opa
4. Rmp
5. LOS
6. IgA1
7. Beta-Lactamase
8. transferrin- / lactoferrin- / hemoglobin- binding proteins

What are the most common virulence factors?

Capsule, adhesions, invasion

Which bacteria produces Gastritis?

Helicobacter pylori

Which bacteria is an obligatory intracellular parasite?

Chlamydia, or Chlamydiaceae

Which bacteria produces Rocky Mountain fever?

Rickettsia rickettsii

1546 Fracastoro

Early version of Germ Theory

1665 Hooke

Observes cork cells under microscope

1674 Van Leeuwenhoek

Observes single celled organisms

1847 Semmelweis

Hand washing reduces puerperal infections

1854 Snow

cholera bacteria transmitted in contaminated water

1856 Pasteur

discovers microbial fermentation while studying beer/wine

1862 Pasteur

DISPROVES spontaneous generation with swan neck flask

1867 Lister

begins using carbolic acid as a disinfectant during surgery

1876-1906 Koch

determined causative agents for many bacterial infections

• most common
• white light
• needs staining
• cell structures, tissues, and microorganisms
• limited contrast for transparent and unstained
• 40x-1000x

Brightfield Microscope

• uses condensor
• uses oblique light but its scattered
• background is dark
• no staining needed
• less effective with thick specimens
• 40x-1000x

Darkfield Microscope

• uses rings
• enhances contrast in transparent and unstained organisms
• produces high contrast images
• living cells, tissue cultures, and internal cell structures
• more complex and expensive
• 40x-1000x

Phase-Contrast Microscope

• use fluorescence to visualize specimens.
• Use high-intensity light, typically ultraviolet (UV), to excite fluorescent dyes
• form a brightly colored image against a dark background.
• for studying proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules
• fluorescent dyes or genetically
  encoded fluorophores; photobleaching and autofluorescence can
  limit image quality and duration
• Magnification: 40x to 1000x

Fluorescent Microscope

• Utilize an electron beam to illuminate the specimen, which allows for imaging at the nanometer scale
• Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM)
• Used to view viruses, cell organelles, and
  nanoparticles.
• Extremely high resolution (up to atomic level)
• Expensive, large, and complex; requires vacuum environment and extensive sample preparation
• TEM- 1,000,000x or more SEM- 20x to 300,000x

Electron Microscope

ANAEROBICBACTERIA

What are the two agars?

What are the three main types? (Hint: B..., C..., A....)

How can you confirm?

Anaerobic culture (semisolidagar or Brucella agar)

 Bacteroides
 Clostridium
 Actinomycetes

PCR

AEROBICBACTERIA

Wet mount and Gram stain (motility, shape, +/-)

What are the three shapes that able to be identified?

1. Vibrio
2. Spirillos
3. Spiroquetas

How are Vibrios differentiated? What test is it? What are the three types?

TCBS test.

V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus

How are Spirilla and Speriquets differentiated? What are the three examples given? Hint: Syphillis & Fever, headache, bone pain & Tick or luose-borne relapsing fever.

Stain & Immunohistochemistry.

Treponema Pallidum, Leptospira interrongans, Borrelia recurrentis

What is the next step after determining they are aerobic bacteria, and it is none of the other shapes? From there what is determined?

GRAM STAIN. Positive or Negative. Cocci or Bacilli.

If you have a Gram-Positive Cocci, what test do you perform next? What results do you get from those tests? Are there any additional tests? What is the specific bacteria that is mentioned?

The CATALASE test.

Positive results in Staph. Additional test: COAGULASE test. Positive S. aureus, Negative others.

Negative results in Strep. Additional test HEMOLYSIS

If you have Gram-Positive Bacilli, what are the options? Hint: there are 4

Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Corynebacterium, Listeria

If you have Gram-Negative Cocci, what are the options? Hint: there are 3

Neisseria, Eikenella, Kingella

If you have Gram-Negative Bacilli, what tests need to be done? Hint: there are 7

1. Catalase
2. Oxidase
3. Coagulase
4. Sugar or TSI
5. Indole
6. Citrate
7. Urease

Lactose Test (Mac Conkey agar) - positive? negative?

Positive Pink. Negative Yellow.

Citrate Test - positive? negative?

Positive Blue. Negative Green.

Indole - positive? negative?

Positive Pink. Negative Yellow.

Urease Test -positive? negative?

Positive Pink. Negative Yellow.