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BMED 4440 Midterm

front 1

What is the bacterial structure that is a potent activator of innate host response?

back 1

LPS

front 2

What is the antiphagocytic bacterial structure?

back 2

Capsule

front 3

What kind of peptidoglycan have a Gram-Positive bacteria?

back 3

Thick and Layered

front 4

What is the common biochemical pathway for the pyruvate in the bacteria without oxygen?

back 4

Fermentation, pyruvate reduced to lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase, regenerating NAD+ in the process.

front 5

What structure is a protection of colony from environmental, antimicrobials, and host response?

back 5

Biofilm

front 6

Which virulence mechanisms attach the bacteria to the host?

back 6

Adhesions

front 7

Which mechanisms of virulence occurs when the bacterium enters the host?

back 7

Invasions

front 8

Which bacterial products are that harm tissue or destroyed biological activities?

back 8

Endotoxins, but products depend on the bacteria (Exotoxins)

front 9

Which mechanisms of antibiotic action interference with bacterial cell wall?

back 9

Many of them inhibit peptidoglycan formation of layers or its synthesis completely

front 10

Which mechanisms of antibiotic action stop the protein production?

back 10

1. Prevent release of peptide chains, elongation, initiation and binding in 30s ribosome

2. Prevent initiation of synthesis and elongation in 50s ribosome

front 11

Which mechanisms of antibiotic action stop the genetic material production?

back 11

  • Bind subunit of DNA gyrase
  • Prevent transcription by binding RNA polymerase
  • Disrupts bacteria DNA

front 12

Which mechanisms of antibiotic action stops the bacterial production of what it needs?

back 12

  • Inhibits dihydropteroate synthase & reductase
  • Disrupts folic acid synthesis

(Sulfonamides, Dapsone, Trimethoprim)

front 13

Which bacteria can act in different tissues?

back 13

S. aureus

front 14

Which bacteria has factors that need to be internalized into the host to become activated?

back 14

B. anthracis

front 15

Which bacteria comes to present as a symptom cough and sometimes with blood?

back 15

m. tuberculosis???

front 16

Which bacteria can’t be cultured on artificial media?

back 16

Mycobacterium Leprae

front 17

Which bacteria have a very specific shape that you can recognize in the microscope?

back 17

v. cholerae???

front 18

Which bacteria can produce abortion and diphteria?

back 18

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

front 19

Which bacteria uses holey's agar to detection?

back 19

Listeria and Related Gram-Positive Bacteria

front 20

Which bacteria can produce Gonorrhea?

back 20

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

front 21

Which bacteria has capsular polysaccharides?

back 21

Haemphilus (5 types, influenzae, aegyptius, ducreyl, actinomycetemcomitans, multocida)

front 22

Which virulence factors are associated with Enterobacteriaceae family?

back 22

Endotoxin, Capsule, Antigenic phase, Type 3 secretions, Sequestration of growth factors, Resistance to serum killing, and Antimicrobial resistance. LPS

E. coli --> Adhesions & Exotoxins.

front 23

Which bacteria is confirmed with TCBS agar?

back 23

Vibrio cholerae

front 24

Which bacteria is the most common opportunistic?

back 24

Anaerobic, Non-spore-forming, Gram-positive rods

ex. Lactobacillus spp. & Bifidobacterium spp.

front 25

Which bacteria produces Pertussis?

back 25

Bordetella pertussis

front 26

Which bacteria produces Brucellosis?

back 26

Brucella

front 27

Which bacteria produces Tularemia?

back 27

francisella tularensis???

front 28

Which bacteria produces Syphillis?

back 28

Treponema pallidum

front 29

Which bacteria produces Botulism?

back 29

Clostridium botulinum

front 30

Which bacteria is anaerobic and although it is part of commercial probiotics for children and is
considered good for health, it can cause diseases if it is found in places such as the heart?

back 30

lactobacillus???

front 31

Which bacteria produces Lyme disease?

back 31

Spirochaetaceae BORRELIA???

front 32

Which bacteria doesn’t have cell wall?

back 32

MYCOPLASMA

front 33

Are edema factor and lethal factor toxic by themselves?

back 33

NO??

front 34

What is the main property in isolated culture of Clostridium perfringens?

back 34

Form endospores (gas production & double zone hemolysis)

front 35

Why do mycobacterial infections have to be treated with multiple drugs for 6 months or more?

back 35

Lipid rich cell wall makes it resistant to traditional common antibacterial antibiotics. It is slowly growing.

front 36

What virulence factors have been associated with Neisseriaceae family?

back 36

  1. Pilin
  2. Por
  3. Opa
  4. Rmp
  5. LOS
  6. IgA1
  7. Beta-Lactamase
  8. transferrin- / lactoferrin- / hemoglobin- binding proteins

front 37

What are the most common virulence factors?

back 37

Capsule, adhesions, invasion

front 38

Which bacteria produces Gastritis?

back 38

Helicobacter pylori

front 39

Which bacteria is an obligatory intracellular parasite?

back 39

Chlamydia, or Chlamydiaceae

front 40

Which bacteria produces Rocky Mountain fever?

back 40

Rickettsia rickettsii

front 41

1546 Fracastoro

back 41

Early version of Germ Theory

front 42

1665 Hooke

back 42

Observes cork cells under microscope

front 43

1674 Van Leeuwenhoek

back 43

Observes single celled organisms

front 44

1847 Semmelweis

back 44

Hand washing reduces puerperal infections

front 45

1854 Snow

back 45

cholera bacteria transmitted in contaminated water

front 46

1856 Pasteur

back 46

discovers microbial fermentation while studying beer/wine

front 47

1862 Pasteur

back 47

DISPROVES spontaneous generation with swan neck flask

front 48

1867 Lister

back 48

begins using carbolic acid as a disinfectant during surgery

front 49

1876-1906 Koch

back 49

determined causative agents for many bacterial infections

front 50

  • most common
  • white light
  • needs staining
  • cell structures, tissues, and microorganisms
  • limited contrast for transparent and unstained
  • 40x-1000x

back 50

Brightfield Microscope

front 51

  • uses condensor
  • uses oblique light but its scattered
  • background is dark
  • no staining needed
  • less effective with thick specimens
  • 40x-1000x

back 51

Darkfield Microscope

front 52

  • uses rings
  • enhances contrast in transparent and unstained organisms
  • produces high contrast images
  • living cells, tissue cultures, and internal cell structures
  • more complex and expensive
  • 40x-1000x

back 52

Phase-Contrast Microscope

front 53

  • use fluorescence to visualize specimens.
  • Use high-intensity light, typically ultraviolet (UV), to excite fluorescent dyes
  • form a brightly colored image against a dark background.
  • for studying proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules
  • fluorescent dyes or genetically
    encoded fluorophores; photobleaching and autofluorescence can
    limit image quality and duration
  • Magnification: 40x to 1000x

back 53

Fluorescent Microscope

front 54

  • Utilize an electron beam to illuminate the specimen, which allows for imaging at the nanometer scale
  • Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM)
  • Used to view viruses, cell organelles, and
    nanoparticles.
  • Extremely high resolution (up to atomic level)
  • Expensive, large, and complex; requires vacuum environment and extensive sample preparation
  • TEM- 1,000,000x or more SEM- 20x to 300,000x

back 54

Electron Microscope

front 55

ANAEROBICBACTERIA

What are the two agars?

What are the three main types? (Hint: B..., C..., A....)

How can you confirm?

back 55

Anaerobic culture (semisolidagar or Brucella agar)

 Bacteroides
 Clostridium
 Actinomycetes

PCR

front 56

AEROBICBACTERIA

Wet mount and Gram stain (motility, shape, +/-)

What are the three shapes that able to be identified?

back 56

  1. Vibrio
  2. Spirillos
  3. Spiroquetas

front 57

How are Vibrios differentiated? What test is it? What are the three types?

back 57

TCBS test.

V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus

front 58

How are Spirilla and Speriquets differentiated? What are the three examples given? Hint: Syphillis & Fever, headache, bone pain & Tick or luose-borne relapsing fever.

back 58

Stain & Immunohistochemistry.

Treponema Pallidum, Leptospira interrongans, Borrelia recurrentis

front 59

What is the next step after determining they are aerobic bacteria, and it is none of the other shapes? From there what is determined?

back 59

GRAM STAIN. Positive or Negative. Cocci or Bacilli.

front 60

If you have a Gram-Positive Cocci, what test do you perform next? What results do you get from those tests? Are there any additional tests? What is the specific bacteria that is mentioned?

back 60

The CATALASE test.

Positive results in Staph. Additional test: COAGULASE test. Positive S. aureus, Negative others.

Negative results in Strep. Additional test HEMOLYSIS

front 61

If you have Gram-Positive Bacilli, what are the options? Hint: there are 4

back 61

Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Corynebacterium, Listeria

front 62

If you have Gram-Negative Cocci, what are the options? Hint: there are 3

back 62

Neisseria, Eikenella, Kingella

front 63

If you have Gram-Negative Bacilli, what tests need to be done? Hint: there are 7

back 63

  1. Catalase
  2. Oxidase
  3. Coagulase
  4. Sugar or TSI
  5. Indole
  6. Citrate
  7. Urease

front 64

Lactose Test (Mac Conkey agar) - positive? negative?

back 64

Positive Pink. Negative Yellow.

front 65

Citrate Test - positive? negative?

back 65

Positive Blue. Negative Green.

front 66

Indole - positive? negative?

back 66

Positive Pink. Negative Yellow.

front 67

Urease Test -positive? negative?

back 67

Positive Pink. Negative Yellow.