What is a good way to manage time in preparation for your anatomy and physiology class?

I make a schedule and budget my time.

Latrotoxin, produced by the poisonous black widow spider, increases the release of acetylcholine. How do muscle cells respond?

Muscle cells will experience fused or complete tetanus when excess acetylcholine exists.

Clostridium botulinum is a bacterium that produces botulinum toxin that inhibits the release of acetylcholine. Which description best fits how muscle cells will respond to a lack of acetylcholine?

Muscle cells will become paralyzed when there is a lack of acetylcholine.

Which nervous system division is responsible for the integration of sensory information?

central nervous system

If the receptor site for a neurotransmitter were completely blocked:

synaptic transmission would fail

Which of the following would NOT terminate the effects of the neurotransmitter?

presence of calcium ions in the presynaptic neuron

Place the following steps in the correct order for transduction of a chemical odorant into a nerve signal.
1. Odorants reach receptors in the cilia of olfactory neurons.
2. cAMP opens ions channels that allow sodium and calcium ions to enter the cell.
3. The G-protein activates an enzyme, adenylate cyclase, to convert ATP into cyclic
AMP (cAMP).
4. The binding of an odorant activates a G-protein which then detaches from the receptor.
5. The membrane is depolarized. Depolarization that reaches threshold at the axon hillock triggers an action potential and transduction has been achieved.

1, 4, 3, 2, 5

Which cell has receptors specialized to detect different tastes?

gustatory cell

Aiden was surprised to learn that his salad dressing contained glucose since it did NOT taste:

sweet

When sound waves bend stereocilia, what happens?

Hair cells depolarize, releasing neurotransmitter, and triggering an action
potential.

What of the following best summarizes the principle of complementarity of structure and
function?

form follows function

A nerve cell releases chemical messengers to trigger changes in a nearby muscle cell. This is example of a core principle known as:

cell-cell communication

Cells in the epidermis of the skin need to be held tightly together so that an impermeable barrier to fluids is created. What type of junction performs this function?

tight junction

The general type of tissue with an apical surface and a basement membrane is:

epithelial

You examine a tissue slide through the microscope and recognize one layer of cells that are mostly tall and elongated. You determine this tissue to be:

simple columnar epithelium

Seventy-year-old Jerry should NOT expect regeneration of worn, damaged:

cartilage

What type of large, multinucleated cell destroys bone?

osteoclast

Striated, multinucleate cells are commonly found in:

skeletal muscle tissue

Which of the following occurs if body temperature rises above normal?

Blood flow to the dermis increases

Despite the strength of the dermis, it is subject to tearing. How might a person know that dermis has been previously stretched and/or torn?

Generally permanent stretch marks, or striae, appear.

Charlie has a break in the shaft of his thigh bone. He broke the:

diaphysis

Why is articular cartilage necessary for long bones?

Articular cartilage allows bones to rub together with reduced friction at joints.

Secondary ossification centers are characteristic of:

endochondral ossification

The thoracic and sacral curvatures of the vertebral column are ________ while the cervical and lumbar curvatures are ________.

concave; convex

A heavily-pregnant woman who walks with a swayback exhibits:

Lordosis

What outer ring of fibrocartilage protects the inner substance of an intervertebral disc and joins the vertebrae together?

anulus fibrosis

What is the basic function of all muscle tissue?

generate muscle tension

The degree to which a muscle cell can stretch depends on its:

extensibility

What is the functional contractile unit of the myofibril?

sarcomere

The synapse of a motor neuron with a muscle fiber is known as the:

neuromuscular junction.

Sarah sensed a mosquito land on her arm and swatted it away with her hand. Which specific PNS division was responsible for the movement of Sarah's hand?

somatic motor division

The two anatomical divisions of the nervous system are the:

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment is termed:

homeostasis.

A long-lasting high fever is a concern for denaturation of:

enzymes.

Which of the following best describes the structure of the plasma membrane?

The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell.

Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to:

bone

What happens to epithelial tissue damaged from a superficial paper cut?

Epithelial tissue heals by regeneration

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?

Synthesize vitamin A

How do melanocytes and keratinocytes work together to protect the skin from UV damage?

Keratinocytes accumulate melanin granules to shield the keratinocyte's DNA.

A patient arrives in your clinic with a sunburn that affects the epidermis only. Her skin appears red and is mildly painful. You believe she has a:

first-degree burn

Bones with a diaphysis and epiphyses are classified as:

long bones

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?

osteoclast

Place the classes of vertebrae in order as they are situated in the vertebral column from superior to inferior.
1. cervical vertebrae
2. coccygeal vertebrae
3. lumbar vertebrae
4. sacral vertebrae
5. thoracic vertebrae

1, 5, 3, 4, 2

The storage and release of calcium ions is the key function of the:

sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Deep inward extensions of the sarcolemma form a tunnel-like network inside the muscle cell known as:

transverse tubules

A triad consists of:
.

a transverse tubule (T-tubule) and two terminal cisternae

Place the following events of excitation in the correct order.
1) ion channels on the sarcolemma open and sodium ions enter the muscle fiber
2) the entry of sodium ions into the muscle fiber depolarizes the sarcolemma locally
3) acetylcholine is released from vesicles in the motor neuron into the synaptic cleft
4) an action potential arrives at the axon terminal of a motor neuron
5) acetylcholine binds to ligand-gated sodium ion channels in the motor end plate

4, 3, 5, 1, 2

Upon entering your house, you noticed the smell of cake baking in the oven. What division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible?

somatic sensory division

Ependymal cells:

circulate cerebrospinal fluid.

A mother breastfeeds her infant. As long as the baby suckles his mother's breast, the mother's mammary glands produce milk. Suckling, the stimulus, increases milk production, the response. This scenario is best described as:

a positive feedback loop.

The Na+/K+ pump transports three sodium ions out of the cell for every two potassium ions moved into the cell. This is an example of:

an antiport pump

Tetracycline is an antibiotic used to treat infections. It binds with bacterial ribosomes and inhibits the tRNA molecule from binding to the ribosome. What process is interrupted?

translation

The main components of the skin are the:

epidermis and dermis.

For a person who starts running for exercise:

bone deposition exceeds bone resorption.

What hormone promotes an increase in the activity of osteoclasts?

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

What happens when troponin and tropomyosin block the active sites of actin?

The muscle relaxes.