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Anatomy and Physiology I FINAL EXAM

front 1

What is a good way to manage time in preparation for your anatomy and physiology class?

back 1

I make a schedule and budget my time.

front 2

Latrotoxin, produced by the poisonous black widow spider, increases the release of acetylcholine. How do muscle cells respond?

back 2

Muscle cells will experience fused or complete tetanus when excess acetylcholine exists.

front 3

Clostridium botulinum is a bacterium that produces botulinum toxin that inhibits the release of acetylcholine. Which description best fits how muscle cells will respond to a lack of acetylcholine?

back 3

Muscle cells will become paralyzed when there is a lack of acetylcholine.

front 4

Which nervous system division is responsible for the integration of sensory information?

back 4

central nervous system

front 5

If the receptor site for a neurotransmitter were completely blocked:

back 5

synaptic transmission would fail

front 6

Which of the following would NOT terminate the effects of the neurotransmitter?

back 6

presence of calcium ions in the presynaptic neuron

front 7

Place the following steps in the correct order for transduction of a chemical odorant into a nerve signal.
1. Odorants reach receptors in the cilia of olfactory neurons.
2. cAMP opens ions channels that allow sodium and calcium ions to enter the cell.
3. The G-protein activates an enzyme, adenylate cyclase, to convert ATP into cyclic
AMP (cAMP).
4. The binding of an odorant activates a G-protein which then detaches from the receptor.
5. The membrane is depolarized. Depolarization that reaches threshold at the axon hillock triggers an action potential and transduction has been achieved.

back 7

1, 4, 3, 2, 5

front 8

Which cell has receptors specialized to detect different tastes?

back 8

gustatory cell

front 9

Aiden was surprised to learn that his salad dressing contained glucose since it did NOT taste:

back 9

sweet

front 10

When sound waves bend stereocilia, what happens?

back 10

Hair cells depolarize, releasing neurotransmitter, and triggering an action
potential.

front 11

What of the following best summarizes the principle of complementarity of structure and
function?

back 11

form follows function

front 12

A nerve cell releases chemical messengers to trigger changes in a nearby muscle cell. This is example of a core principle known as:

back 12

cell-cell communication

front 13

Cells in the epidermis of the skin need to be held tightly together so that an impermeable barrier to fluids is created. What type of junction performs this function?

back 13

tight junction

front 14

The general type of tissue with an apical surface and a basement membrane is:

back 14

epithelial

front 15

You examine a tissue slide through the microscope and recognize one layer of cells that are mostly tall and elongated. You determine this tissue to be:

back 15

simple columnar epithelium

front 16

Seventy-year-old Jerry should NOT expect regeneration of worn, damaged:

back 16

cartilage

front 17

What type of large, multinucleated cell destroys bone?

back 17

osteoclast

front 18

Striated, multinucleate cells are commonly found in:

back 18

skeletal muscle tissue

front 19

Which of the following occurs if body temperature rises above normal?

back 19

Blood flow to the dermis increases

front 20

Despite the strength of the dermis, it is subject to tearing. How might a person know that dermis has been previously stretched and/or torn?

back 20

Generally permanent stretch marks, or striae, appear.

front 21

Charlie has a break in the shaft of his thigh bone. He broke the:

back 21

diaphysis

front 22

Why is articular cartilage necessary for long bones?

back 22

Articular cartilage allows bones to rub together with reduced friction at joints.

front 23

Secondary ossification centers are characteristic of:

back 23

endochondral ossification

front 24

The thoracic and sacral curvatures of the vertebral column are ________ while the cervical and lumbar curvatures are ________.

back 24

concave; convex

front 25

A heavily-pregnant woman who walks with a swayback exhibits:

back 25

Lordosis

front 26

What outer ring of fibrocartilage protects the inner substance of an intervertebral disc and joins the vertebrae together?

back 26

anulus fibrosis

front 27

What is the basic function of all muscle tissue?

back 27

generate muscle tension

front 28

The degree to which a muscle cell can stretch depends on its:

back 28

extensibility

front 29

What is the functional contractile unit of the myofibril?

back 29

sarcomere

front 30

The synapse of a motor neuron with a muscle fiber is known as the:

back 30

neuromuscular junction.

front 31

Sarah sensed a mosquito land on her arm and swatted it away with her hand. Which specific PNS division was responsible for the movement of Sarah's hand?

back 31

somatic motor division

front 32

The two anatomical divisions of the nervous system are the:

back 32

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

front 33

The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment is termed:

back 33

homeostasis.

front 34

A long-lasting high fever is a concern for denaturation of:

back 34

enzymes.

front 35

Which of the following best describes the structure of the plasma membrane?

back 35

The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell.

front 36

Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to:

back 36

bone

front 37

What happens to epithelial tissue damaged from a superficial paper cut?

back 37

Epithelial tissue heals by regeneration

front 38

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?

back 38

Synthesize vitamin A

front 39

How do melanocytes and keratinocytes work together to protect the skin from UV damage?

back 39

Keratinocytes accumulate melanin granules to shield the keratinocyte's DNA.

front 40

A patient arrives in your clinic with a sunburn that affects the epidermis only. Her skin appears red and is mildly painful. You believe she has a:

back 40

first-degree burn

front 41

Bones with a diaphysis and epiphyses are classified as:

back 41

long bones

front 42

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?

back 42

osteoclast

front 43

Place the classes of vertebrae in order as they are situated in the vertebral column from superior to inferior.
1. cervical vertebrae
2. coccygeal vertebrae
3. lumbar vertebrae
4. sacral vertebrae
5. thoracic vertebrae

back 43

1, 5, 3, 4, 2

front 44

The storage and release of calcium ions is the key function of the:

back 44

sarcoplasmic reticulum.

front 45

Deep inward extensions of the sarcolemma form a tunnel-like network inside the muscle cell known as:

back 45

transverse tubules

front 46

A triad consists of:
.

back 46

a transverse tubule (T-tubule) and two terminal cisternae

front 47

Place the following events of excitation in the correct order.
1) ion channels on the sarcolemma open and sodium ions enter the muscle fiber
2) the entry of sodium ions into the muscle fiber depolarizes the sarcolemma locally
3) acetylcholine is released from vesicles in the motor neuron into the synaptic cleft
4) an action potential arrives at the axon terminal of a motor neuron
5) acetylcholine binds to ligand-gated sodium ion channels in the motor end plate

back 47

4, 3, 5, 1, 2

front 48

Upon entering your house, you noticed the smell of cake baking in the oven. What division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible?

back 48

somatic sensory division

front 49

Ependymal cells:

back 49

circulate cerebrospinal fluid.

front 50

A mother breastfeeds her infant. As long as the baby suckles his mother's breast, the mother's mammary glands produce milk. Suckling, the stimulus, increases milk production, the response. This scenario is best described as:

back 50

a positive feedback loop.

front 51

The Na+/K+ pump transports three sodium ions out of the cell for every two potassium ions moved into the cell. This is an example of:

back 51

an antiport pump

front 52

Tetracycline is an antibiotic used to treat infections. It binds with bacterial ribosomes and inhibits the tRNA molecule from binding to the ribosome. What process is interrupted?

back 52

translation

front 53

The main components of the skin are the:

back 53

epidermis and dermis.

front 54

For a person who starts running for exercise:

back 54

bone deposition exceeds bone resorption.

front 55

What hormone promotes an increase in the activity of osteoclasts?

back 55

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

front 56

What happens when troponin and tropomyosin block the active sites of actin?

back 56

The muscle relaxes.