White Blood Cell Count x 10³/uL (x 10⁹/L)

WBC

4.5-11.5 (3.9-11.7 Egan's Fundamentals of Respiratory Care Ch 17)

Red Blood Cell Count x 10⁶/uL (x 10¹²/L)

RBC

M:4.60-6.00

F:4.00-5.40

Hemoglobin g/dL (g/L)

Hgb

M: 14.0-18.0 (140-180)

F: 12.0-15.0 (120-150)

Hematocrit % (L/L)

Hct

M: 40-54 (0.40-0.54)

F: 35-49 (0.35-0.49)

Segmented neutrophils

40% - 75%

Bands

0% - 6%

Eosinophils

0% - 6%

Basophils

0% - 1%

Lymphocytes

20% - 45%

Monocytes

2% - 10%

Platelet count

150,000 - 400,000/mm³

pH (range)

7.40 (7.35 -7.45)

PaCO₂ (range)

40 (35-45) torr

PaO₂ (range)

95 (85-100) torr

SaO₂

>97%

HCO₃ ^- (range)

24 (22-26) mEq/L

BE⁺ (range)

0 (-2 to +2) mEq/L

SpO₂

>97%

SvO₂

75%

Normal Neonatal Arterial Blood Gas Values

Normal Preterm (at 1-5hr)

pH 7.33 (7.29-7.37)

PaCO₂ (mm Hg) 47 (39-56)

PaO₂ (mm Hg) 60 (52-68)

SaO₂ 90%

HCO₃ ^- mEq/L 19 (18-20)

BE⁺ (mEq/L) -4 (-5 - -2)

SpO₂ 90%

Normal Neonatal Arterial Blood Gas Values

Normal Term (at 5hr)

pH 7.34 (7.31-7.37)

PaCO₂ (mm Hg) 35 (32-39)

PaO₂ (mm Hg) 74 (62-86)

SaO₂ 95%

HCO₃ ^- mEq/L 21 (20-22)

BE⁺ (mEq/L) -3 (-6 - -2)

SpO₂ 95%

Normal Neonatal Arterial Blood Gas Values

Normal Preterm (at 5 days)

pH 7.38 (7.34-7.42)

PaCO₂ (mm Hg) 36 (32-41)

PaO₂ (mm Hg) 76 (62-92)

SaO₂ 95%

HCO₃ ^- mEq/L 21 (20-22)

BE⁺ (mEq/L) -3 (-6- -2)

SpO₂ 95%

Arterial Blood Pressure

ABP

90-140/60-90 mm Hg

Common alterations:

<140/90 mm Hg: hypertension

<90/60 mm Hg: hypotension

ECG

Normal heart rate and rhythm

Common alterations:

PR interval > 0.2 sec (tachycardia, bradycardia, heart block [ first, second, or third degree], premature ventricular contractions, premature atrial contractions, atrial fibrillations, atrial flutter, elevated T wave, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, asystole)

Heart Rate (HR)

60-100 beats/min

Common alternations:

Rate > 100: tachycardia

Rate < 60: bradycardia

PR interval

0.12-0.20/sec

Common alterations:

>0.20: tachycardia, bradycardia, first-, second-, third-degree heart block, premature ventricular, atrial contractions, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, elevated ST segment, inverted T wave, ventricular tachycardia, fibrillation, asystole

QRS interval

<0.10/sec

Common alternations:

>0.10: ectopic foci

ST segment

Isoelectric

Common alterations:

Elevated or depressed: myocardial ischemia

T wave

Upright, round, and asymmetric

Common alterations:

inverted with ischemia, tall and peaked with electrolyte imbalances

Cardiac Output (CO)

4-8 L/min

Common alterations:

> 8 L/min (elevated): caused by stress, septic shock, fever, hypervolemia drugs

< 4 L/min (decreased): left ventricular failure, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolus, PPV, PEEP, pneumothorax, blood loss, hypovolemia

Cardiac Index (CI)

2.5-4.0 L/min/m² (2.5-4.2 L/min/m² : Cardiopulmonary Book Ch15)

Common alternations:

>4 L/min/m²:fluid overload, right ventricular failure, pulmonary hypertension, valvular stenosis, pulmonary embolus, cardiac tamponade, pneumothorax, positive pressure ventilation, PEEP, left ventricular failure

<2 L/min/m²: hypovolemia, blood loss, shock, peripheral vasodilation, cardiovascular collapse

Central Venous Pressure (CVP)

2-6 mm Hg (0-8 mm Hg)

Common alternations:

>6 mm Hg:fluid overload, right ventricular failure, pulmonary hypertension, valvular stenosis, pulmonary embolus, cardiac tamponade, pneumothorax, positive pressure ventilation, PEEP, left ventricular failure

<2 mm Hg: hypovolemia, blood loss, shock, peripheral vasodilation, cardiovascular collapse

Pulmonary Artery Pressure (PAP)

20-35/5-15 mm Hg

Common alternations:

>35/15 mm Hg: fluid overload, pulmonary hypertension, left ventricular failure

<20/5 mm Hg: hypovolemia, pulmonary hypotension, cardiovascular collapse

Mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure (PAP)

10-20 mm Hg (9-18 mm Hg)

Common alternations:

>20 mm Hg: fluid overload, pulmonary hypertension, left ventricular failure

<10 mm Hg: hypovolemia, pulmonary hypotension, cardiovascular collapse

Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP)

Pulmonary Artery Wedge (PAW)

Pulmonary Artery Occlusion (PAO)

5-10 mm Hg (<18 mm Hg) (4-12 mm Hg: Cardiopulmonary Book Ch15)

Common alterations:

>18 mm Hg: left ventricular failure, fluid overload

>20 mm Hg: interstitial edema

>25 mm Hg: alveolar filling

>30 mm Hg: frank pulmonary edema

<5 mm Hg: hypovolemia, shock, cardiovascular collapse

Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)

11.25-17.5 mm Hg/L/min

900-1400 dynes x sec x cm³

(800-1500 dynes x sec x cm^-5)

Common alterations:

>1400 dynes x sec x cm³ : caused by vasoconstrictors, hypovolemia, late septic shock

<900 dynes x sec x cm³ : caused by vasodilators, early septic shock

Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR)

110-250 dynes x sec x cm³

(20-120 dynes x sec x cm³ : Cardiopulmonary Book Ch15)

Common alterations:

>250 dynes x sec x cm³ : hypoxemia, decreased pH, PaCO₂, vasopressors, emboli, emphysema, interstitial fibrosis, pneumothorax

<110 dynes x sec x cm³ : pulmonary vasodilators, nitric oxide, O₂, calcium blockers

Right Atrial Pressure (RAP)

0-8 mm Hg

Stroke Volume (SV)

60-130 mL

Stroke Volume Index (SVI)

30-60 mL/beats/ m²

Right Ventricular Stroke Work Index (RVSWI)

7-12 g m/m²

Left Ventricular Stroke Work Index (LVSWI)

40-60 g m/m²

Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) (sec)

Infant (1 day old): 37.1-48.7

Infant (5 days old): 34-51.2

Adult: 25-39

Prothrombin Time (PT) (sec)

Infant (1 day old): 11.6-14.4

Infant (5 days old): 10.9-15.3

Adult: 12-15

Albumin

2.9-5.5 mg/dL

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

8-23 mg/dL

Calcium (Ca)

8.6-10.5 mmol/dL

Ionized Calcium (Ca²⁺)

2.25-2.75 mEq/L

CO₂

22-29 mmol/L

Chloride (Cl^-)

98-107 mEq/L

Creatinine (Cr)

0.7-1.3 mg/dL

Glucose

<100 mg/dL

Magnesium (Mg²⁺)

1.7-2.4 mg/dL

Potassium (K⁺)

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Sodium (Na⁺)

135-145 mEq/L

Tidal Volume (V_T)

5-8 mL/kg PBW

Critical Value:

<4-5 mL/kg or <300mL

Frequency (f)

12-20 breaths/min

Critical value:

>30-35 breaths/min

Rapid Shallow Breathing Index (RSBI)

Critical value:

>105 without PS or CPAP

Dead Space- to - Tidal Volume Ratio (V_D /V_T)

0.25-0.40

Critical value:

>0.60

Minute Volume (V_E)

5-6 L/min

Critical value:

>10 L/min

Vital Capacity (VC)

65-75 mL/kg

Critical value:

<10-15 mL/kg

Maximum Inspiratory Pressure (MIP)

-80 to -100 cm H₂O

Critical value:

0 to -20 cm H₂O

Normal Respiratory, Heart Rate & Blood Pressure

Infants (< 1yr)

Resting Pulse (beats/min): 90-170

Respiratory Rate (breaths/min): 30-60

Heart Rate (beats/min): 90-120

Blood Pressure (mm Hg): 80/50 (1-6 mo) 90/65 (6-12 mo)

Normal Respiratory, Heart Rate & Blood Pressure

Toddler (1-3yr)

Resting Pulse (beats/min): 80-160

Respiratory Rate (breaths/min): 24-40

Heart Rate (beats/min): 80-100

Blood Pressure (mm Hg): 90/65 (1-2yr)

Normal Respiratory, Heart Rate & Blood Pressure

Preschoolers (4-5yr)

Resting Pulse (beats/min): 80-120

Respiratory Rate (breaths/min): 22-34

Heart Rate (beats/min): 70-90

Blood Pressure (mm Hg): 100/60 (2-6yr)

Normal Respiratory, Heart Rate & Blood Pressure

School Age (6-12yr)

Resting Pulse (beats/min): 70-110

Respiratory Rate (breaths/min): 18-30

Heart Rate (beats/min): 70-90

Blood Pressure (mm Hg): 110/60

Normal Respiratory, Heart Rate & Blood Pressure

Adolescent (13-18yr)

Resting Pulse (beats/min): 70-110

Respiratory Rate (breaths/min): 16-22

Heart Rate (beats/min): 60-80

Blood Pressure (mm Hg): 110/65 (12-16yr)

Normal Respiratory, Heart Rate & Blood Pressure

Adult

Resting Pulse (beats/min): 60-100

Respiratory Rate (breaths/min): 12-20 (12-18)

Heart Rate (beats/min): 60-100

Blood Pressure (mm Hg): <120/80