What is a vegetative cell?

growing, and metabolically active form of a microorganism.

What is a spore?

An inactive, highly resistant form of a microorganism

What happens during sporulation?

A vegetative cell transforms into a spore, forming a thick protective coat around DNA.

What is The process where a spore transforms back into a vegetative cell

Germination

What is The process where a vegetative cell transforms into a spore

Sporulation

What is sterilization?

The complete removal of all microbes, including endospores

how hot is dry heat sterilization?

ovens at 150-180°C

how long is dry heat sterilization?

1-3 hours

how hot is Moist heat sterilization?

121°C

how long is Moist heat sterilization?

15-20 minutes.

How Wide is Filtration for for bacterial removal?

0.22 μm filters

How Wide is Filtration for mycoplasma removal.

0.1 μm

What is inorganic Hypochlorite(bleach)` used for

viruses and
bacteria.

What is paracetic acid used for?

spores, bacteria, and viruses

What is Alcohol (70%) used for?

vegetative bacteria and viruses.

What are antiseptics?

Used on living tissue to inhibit or destroy microbes, usually not effective against spores

What is most effective for biofilms

anti-biofilms

What is agar extracted from?

Seaweed (more specifically agarophytes)

What temperature does agar liquefies

100C

How much agar does a semisolid medium contain

less than 1% agar

How much agar does a solid medium contain

1.5-1.8% agar

What temperature does agar Solidifies

40°C

What is the Cultivation temperature for agar

37.5C

What are environmental factors for optimal growth

1. pH
2. Temperature
3. Osmotic pressure
4. Gaseous requirements

What Does Test tubes contain

broth or agar (solid or Liquid medium)

What materials are wire loops and needles made from?

Inert metals like Nichrome or platinum.

How are wire loops and needles sterilized?

By incineration in the blue part of a Bunsen burner flame.

What materials are used for liquid transfers in microbiology?

Pipettes made of glass or plastic.

What is the purpose of micropipettes?

Transferring volumes of liquid less than 1 mL

What is Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar used for?

Isolating most gram-positive organisms + Partially inhibits gram-Negative

What type of microorganisms does Crystal Violet Agar select for?

Most gram-negative microorganisms + Inhibits Most gram-positive organisms

What type of organisms does 7.5% Sodium Chloride Agar inhibit?

Most organisms except halophilic(salt loving) microorganisms.

What Selective Media is best to detect Staphylococcus species

7.5% Sodium Chloride Agar

What does Mannitol salt agar contain?

7.5 sodium chloride agar+ mannitol(fermentable alcahol sugar)+ pH indicator(Phenol red)

Name a fastidious organism?

Streptococcus

On what bases does Blood agar differentiate microbes

Hemolysis(How red blood cells rapture and secrete their contents in the surroundings fluid)

What is the general range of temperature bacterias can grow at?

-5C to 80C

What is the range of temperature for the growing of psychrophiles?

-5 to 20C

What is generally the range of temperature for the growing of mesophiles

20-45C

What is the range of temperature for the growing of plant saprophytes

20-30C

What is the range of temperature for the growing of warm blooded hosts

35-40C

What is the range of temperature for the growing of Thermophiles

>35C

What is the range of temperature for the growing of facultative thermophiles

Can grow at 37C, they optimally grow within in the range of 45-60C

What is the range of temperature for the growing of obligate thermophiles

They can only grow>50C, with an optimal growth temperature of 60C