Intelligence

the capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges

g-factor

a way intellegence is emboided, the single general factor that produced intellegence

fluid intelligence

the ability to think logically, reason abstractly, solve problems, and find patterns

used when solving a personal problem or grappling with a political issue

crystallized intelligence

accumulation of information, knowledge, and skills that people have learned through experience and education.

reflects facts we have learned and the information that resides in our long-term memory

theory of mulitple intelligences

Gardner argues that we have a minimum of eight different forms of intelligence: musical, bodily kinesthetic, logical-mathematical, linguistic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist

the lateral prefrontal cortex

activation shows here when people are completing intelligence test questions in both verbal and spatial domains.

thickness of the cerebral cortex

linked to high intelligence

metabolisms

rats show that there may be a link from metabolism and intelligence

practical intelligence

intelligence related to overall success in living

career success

traditional intelligence

academic success

emotional intelligence

set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions

emotional skills

intelligence tests

quantify a person's level of intelligence

brain size

NOT head size does show some link with intelligence, comes from Galton

mental age

the age for which a given level of performance is average or typical

intelligence quotient (IQ)

a measure of intelligence that takes into account an individual's mental and chronological age.

IQ= (MA/CA)100

should fit a bell-shaped distribution

IQ tests used in the US

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale IV and the same for children

reliability

the consistency of a test in measuring what it is trying to measure

validity

when it actually measures what it is supposed to measure

norms

standards of test performance that permit the comparison of one person's score on a test to the scores of others who have taken the same test

adaptive testing

every person doesn't get the same questions, they get harder and easier as time goes on

intellectual disabilities

occur in 1 to 3 percent of the population

formally defined as a disability characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills, and originates before the age of 22

mild intellectual disability

have IQ scores ranging from 55 to 69, constitute some 90 percent of all people with intellectual disabilities

moderate intellectual disabilities

IQs of 40 to 54, deficits are obvious early, language and motor skills are lagging behind

severe intellectual disability and profound intellectual disability

IQs of 25 to 39 and under 25 unable to function independently and typically requre care for entire lives

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

mother's use of alchol while pregnant produces intellectual disabilities

9 out of 1000 children

Down syndrome

47 instead of 46 chromosomes, extra copy of 21st chromosome usually

familial intellectual disabilities

no apparent biological or genetic problems exist, but there is a history of intellectual disability amoung family members.

mainstreaming

practice of educating students with intellectual deficits and other special needs in regular classes during specific time periods.

full inclusion

total integration of all students into regular classes (even those with intellectual disabilities)

intellectually gifted

2 to 4 perfect of the population

IQ scores greater than 130

do well across almost every domain

bias IQ

members of certain racial and cultural groups consistently score lower on average on traditional intelligence tests than do members of other groups

culture fair IQ test

one that does not discriminate against the members of any minority group, psychologists have tried to devise test items that assess experiences common to all cultures or emphasize questions that do not require language usage

heritability

the degree to which a characteristic is related to inherited genetic factors.

a trait with high heritability is strongly related to genetic factors

flynn effect

named for Flynn researcher, the change in IQ scores amounts to roughly 3-point increase every decade

intelligence is it more nature or nurture

more nature but nurture does play a role

sleep brain activity

measures of electrial activity show that the brain is active during sleep

stage 1 sleep

relatively rapid, low amplitude brain waves. images sometimes appear (hallicinations, jerking) as if we were viewing still photos, although this is not true dreaming

lasts around 5 minutes

stage 2 sleep

makes up half of the total sleep in early 20s, characterized by an even slower, more regular wave pattern. momentary interruptions of sharly pointed, spiky waves called sleep spindles.

difficult to wake someone in stage 2

lasts around 20 minutes

stage 3 sleep

the deepest stage, the brain waves become slower with higher peaks and lower valleys in the wave pattern

people are the least responsive to outside stimulation

lasts 30 minutes

REM sleep

quick back and forth eye movement, occupies 20% of adults total sleeping time

when dreams are most likely to occur in the REM period

stages of sleep

90-100 minute cycles

rebound effect

REM deprived sleepers spend significantly more time in REM sleep then normal

ideas for why we sleep

sleep conserves energy for the daytime, sleep restores and replensishes, sleep helps forgetting, sleep promotes physical growth and development

average sleep

around 7 to 8 hours a night, which is 3 hours less than people would sleep 100 years ago

excessive sleep

linked to health problems like depression, diabetes, and heart disease

women vs men sleeping

women fall asleep more quickly, they sleep for longer, and sleep more deeply

lack of sleep

temporarily is not particularly harmful but makes us feel edgy, slows our reaction times, and lower our preformance on academic and physical tasks

nightmares

unusually frightening dreams that occur fairly often

associated with negative experiences throughout the day like worry and anxiety.

unconscious wish fulfillment theory

Sigmund Freud viewed dreams as a guide to the unconscious, proposed that dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to be fulfilled.

symbols represent latent content (example: stairway represents sex)

dreams for survival theory

based in the evolutionary perspective, dreams permit us to reconsider and process during sleep information that is critical for our daily survival

this process is evident in rats

activation-synthesis theory

random electrical energy that the brain produces during REM sleep, possibly a result of changes in the production of particular neurotransmitters. this stimulates memories stored in the brain

dream incubation

external stimuli such as specific visual or audio cues at just the right time can trigger specific dream content - a process called dream incubation.

insomnia

a problem that afflicts as many as 1/3 of all people. difficulty sleeping

sleep apnea

a condition in which a person has difficulty breathing while sleeping

SIDS

Sudden infant death syndrome when normal infants die while sleeping

night terrors

sudden awakenings from nonREM sleep that are accompanied by extreme fear, panic, and strong physiological arousal

narcolepsy

uncontrollable sleeping that occurs for short periods while a person is awake. go straight into rem sleep.

sleeptalking and sleepwalking

occur during sleep 3 sleep, more common in children than adults

circadian rhythms

biological processes that occur regularly on approximately a 24-hour cycle

explains mid-afternoon tiredness and naps (siestas)

suprachiasmatic nucleas (SCN)

controls our circadian rhythms

seasonal affective disorder

form of severe depression which increases during the winter and lift during the rest of the year.

daydreams

fantasies people construct while awake, content is usually related to immediate events in the environment

link between daydreaming and creativity

hypnosis

people under hypnosis are in a trancelike state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others

cannot happen against their will

susceptibility to hypnosis varies, 5-20% cannot be and 15% are easily

divided consciousness

Ernest Hilgard states there are two components of hypnosis, the commands, adn the "hidden observers" being aware of what is going on.

could feel pain but think you feel no pain

hypnosis to solve human problems

controlling pain, reducing smoking, treating psychological disorders, assisting law enforement , improving athletic performance

meditation

learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness

usually includes repetition of a mantra - sounds, words, syllables.

greater relaxation and reduction in heart disease

ineffability

inability to understand an experience rationally or describe it in words

pyschoative drugs

influence a person's emotions, perceptions and behavior (coffee, beer, etc.)

addictive drugs

produce a biological or psychological dependence (or both) on a drug

biological drug dependence

the body becomes so accustomed to functioning in the presence of a drug that it cannot function without it

psychological drug dependence

people believe they need the drug to respond to the stresses of daily living

caffeine

one of many stimulants, used to stay awake

stimulants

drugs whose effect on the central nervous system causes a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension

amphetamines (adderall and meth which are known as speed), cocaine (is rapidly absorbed into the body and takes affect immediately), caffeine, nicotine

nicotine

found In cigarettes, is another stimulant

amphetamines

like dexedrine and benzedrine, popularly known as speed, are strong stimulants, mood "high", loss of appetite, energy and alertness

meth and adderall

depressants

anxiety reduction, impede the nervous system by causing neurons to fire more slowly

alcohol, barbiturates (nembutal, seconal, phenobarbital), rohypnol (roofies, date-rape drug)

narcotics

heroin, morphine, opioids (synthetic drugs like Vicodin, fentanyl, percocet, OxyContin)

hallucinogens

are drugs that alter perceptions, thoughts, and feelings. can even produce hallucinations, the experience of sensing things may seem real but are not.

cannabis (Marijuana - with THC, Hashish), MDMA (ecstasy and Molly), LSD (acid)

smoke from Marijuana is more damaging than cannabis

steroids

rhoids, juice

binge drinking

drinking enough alcohol in a single setting to increase the blood alcohol level to .08%

alcoholics

people with alcohol abuse problems, come to rely on alcohol and continue to drunk even though it causes serious difficulties

morphine and heroin

both are narcotics that increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety and are derived from the poppy seed pod

opiates vs opioids

opiates are derived from natural substances, include morphine and heroin, and codeine

opioids are synthetic narcotics such as Vicodin, Percocet, fentanyl and OxyContin (all are created in labs and are prescribed to alleviate pain)

methodne

synthetic chemical that satisfies a heroin user's biological cravings for the drug without providing the high

Suboxone

painkiller that reduces the withdrawal symptoms from heroin

vivitrol

an injection that lasts about a month that prevents withdrawal systems and prevents the high if heroin is used

psychodynamic approaches to personality

based on the idea that personality is primarily unconscious and motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness.

started by Sigmund Freud

psychoanalytic theory

assumes much of our behavior is driven by unconscious determinants.

unconscious

a part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware.

much of behavior is controlled by this according to Freud

observing the unconscious

done through clues like slips of tongue (often called a Freudian slip), fantasies, dreams, etc.

preconscious

apart of the unconscious which contains material that is not threatening and is easily brought to mind (like 2+2=4)

instinctual drives

deep in the unconscious

the wishes, desires, demands, and needs that are hidden because of the conflicts and pain they would cause if they were apart of our everyday lives

Freud's personality model

the id (completely unconscious), superego, and ego (both half and half conscious and unconscious)

id

the primitive, instinctual craving and longings

unorganized

from birth relates to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses

opperates on pleasure principle

ego

rational and logical part of the personality

attempts to balance the id and the realities of the objective/outside world

develops soon after birth

the reality principle

superego

part of the personality that harshly judges the morality of our behavior

includes the conscience - prevents wrong doing

psychosexual stages

Freud's personality development through 5 stages that relate to sexual urges: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

fixation

conflicts or concerns that persist beyond Freud's developmental period in which they first occur

oral psychosexual stage

birth to 12-18 months, interest in oral gratification

main conflict is weaning, could result in interest in oral activities (talking, eating, smoking)

anal psychosexual stage

12-18 months to 3 years

learning to potty train so gratification comes from using the bathroom

fixation would be if this was a difficult stage, could result in being very type A or type B

phallic psychosexual stage

age3 to 5-6

interest focuses on the genitals and the pleasure from fondling them

this is where the Oedipal conflict is

latency psychosexual stage

after resolution of Oedipal conflict (around 5-6) until puberty.

sexual interests lay dorminant, even in the unconscious

genital psychosexual stage

puberty to death

focus on sexual feelings and mainly sexual intercourse

oedipal conflict

childs intense, sexual interest in their opposite-sex parent. Stems from the Greek story/myth.

Sons want to get rid of the father (but they are too strong) but end up resonating with them

Daughters resent the mother for castration (missing a penis) but rather end up resonating with them

identification

the process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible, imitating a person's behavior and adopting similar beliefs, attitudes and values (what kids end up doing after Oedipal conflict)

anxiety

an intense emotional experience that Freud considers to be a danger signal to the ego

defense mechanisms

unconsious strategies that people use to reduce anxiey

repression

main defense mechanism

push unpleasant memories to the conscious

regression

defense mechanism

people behave as if they were at an earlier stage of development

temper tantrums

displacement

defense mechanism

expression of unwanted feeling or throught is redirected from a more threatening and powerful person to a weaker one

taking out agression on teacher to brother

rationalization

defense mechanism

people self-justifying explanations in place of the actual, but threatening, reason for their behavior

drinking to avoid homework (make up an excuse for why you are drinking)

denial

defense mechanism

people refuse to accept an anxiety-producing piece of information

ignore a bad grade

projection

defense mechanism

attribute unwanted impulses and feelings to someone else

when someone who is cheating accuses their spouse of cheating

sublimation

defense mechanism

divert unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts, feelings, or behaviors

a violent person becomes a soldier

reaction formation

defense mechanism

unconscious impluses are expressed as their opposite in consciousness

neglagant parent acts overly loving

neurosis

Freuds term for using too many defense mechanisms that it becomes difficult

neo-Freudian psychoanalysts

originally studied Freuds theories but changed them a little

- rejected sexual urges

- women envy men for their independent, success, and freedom

- motivation for superiority not sex

collective unconsious

Jung's theory that we inherit a set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols because of humans shared ancestral past

archetypes

Jung's universal symbolic representations of particular types of people, objects, ideas, or experiences

inferiority complex

adults who have not been able to overcome feelings of inadequency they developed as children

traits

consistent, habitual personality characteristics and behaviors that are displayed across different situations

trait theory

the personality approach that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality

trait-theory categories of traits

cardinal, central, and secondary

cardinal traits

a cardinal trait is a single, overriding characterisitic that motivates most of a persons behavior (selfless, power-hungry)

central traits

usually 5-10 but can be less traits that make up a core personality (warmth, friendly)

secondary traits

characterisitics that affect behavior in fewer situations (reluctance to eat meat, love of modern art)

factor analysis

statistical method of identifying patterns among a large number of variables and combining them into more fundamental groupings

example is the 16 factor questionaire by Cattell

factors

fundamental patterns of traits that cluster together in the same person

Eysenck's 3 major dimensions

extraversion: sociability

neuroticism: emotional stability

psychoticism: degree to which reality is distorted (aggression, cold, egocentric, impulsive)

the big 5

5 cores of personality:OCEAN

Openness to experience

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism (emotional stability)

Skinner's behaviorist approach to personality

personality is a collection of learned behavior patterns

social cognitive approaches to personality

emphasize the influence of cognition - thoughts, feelings, expectations, and values - as well as observation of others' behavior on personality

learning someones personality from observational learning

self-efficacy

the belief that we can master a situation and produce positive outcomes

self esteem

the component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative evaluations of ourselves

narcissism

people show self-absorption and hold inflated views of themselves

biological and evolutionary approaches to personality

suggests that important components of personality are inherited

shown through indentical twins

temperament

an individuals behavorial style and characteristic way of responding (general activity level and mood) - quite consistent from birth to adolescence

humanistic approaches to personality

emphasize peoples inherit goodness and their tendency to move toward higher levels of functioning

self-actualization

a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potention, each in a unique way

unconditional positive regard

refers to an attitude of acceptance and respect on the observer's part no matter what a person says or does

conditional positive regard

depends on behavior. others withdraw their love and acceptance if you do something of which they don't approve.

psychological tests

standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively

test norms

the distribution of test scores for a large sample of individuals who have taken a test

self-report measure

people are asked questions about their own behavior and traits

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF)

original purpose was to identify people with psychological difficulties, now used to perdict behaviors

test standardization

a technique used to validate questions on personality tests by analyzing the responses of people who have completed the same set of questions under same circumstances

Kuder Career Interest Assessment-Likert (KCIA-L)

self report measure

measures the relative level of interest a person has in six broad areas (then used to match career paths)

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

sims to place people along four-dimensions

introverts-extraversts, intuitors-sensors, thinkers-feelers, perceivers-judgers

projective personality tests

people are shown a vague stimulus and asked to describe it or tell a story and then information about their personality is inferred

Roschach test or Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

behaviorial assessment

learning approach, directly measues an individuals behavior by oberservational research or in a lab with controlled conditions