front 1 Intelligence | back 1 the capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges |
front 2 g-factor | back 2 a way intellegence is emboided, the single general factor that produced intellegence |
front 3 fluid intelligence | back 3 the ability to think logically, reason abstractly, solve problems, and find patterns used when solving a personal problem or grappling with a political issue |
front 4 crystallized intelligence | back 4 accumulation of information, knowledge, and skills that people have learned through experience and education. reflects facts we have learned and the information that resides in our long-term memory |
front 5 theory of mulitple intelligences | back 5 Gardner argues that we have a minimum of eight different forms of intelligence: musical, bodily kinesthetic, logical-mathematical, linguistic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist |
front 6 the lateral prefrontal cortex | back 6 activation shows here when people are completing intelligence test questions in both verbal and spatial domains. |
front 7 thickness of the cerebral cortex | back 7 linked to high intelligence |
front 8 metabolisms | back 8 rats show that there may be a link from metabolism and intelligence |
front 9 practical intelligence | back 9 intelligence related to overall success in living career success |
front 10 traditional intelligence | back 10 academic success |
front 11 emotional intelligence | back 11 set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions emotional skills |
front 12 intelligence tests | back 12 quantify a person's level of intelligence |
front 13 brain size | back 13 NOT head size does show some link with intelligence, comes from Galton |
front 14 mental age | back 14 the age for which a given level of performance is average or typical |
front 15 intelligence quotient (IQ) | back 15 a measure of intelligence that takes into account an individual's mental and chronological age. IQ= (MA/CA)100 should fit a bell-shaped distribution |
front 16 IQ tests used in the US | back 16 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale IV and the same for children |
front 17 reliability | back 17 the consistency of a test in measuring what it is trying to measure |
front 18 validity | back 18 when it actually measures what it is supposed to measure |
front 19 norms | back 19 standards of test performance that permit the comparison of one person's score on a test to the scores of others who have taken the same test |
front 20 adaptive testing | back 20 every person doesn't get the same questions, they get harder and easier as time goes on |
front 21 intellectual disabilities | back 21 occur in 1 to 3 percent of the population formally defined as a disability characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills, and originates before the age of 22 |
front 22 mild intellectual disability | back 22 have IQ scores ranging from 55 to 69, constitute some 90 percent of all people with intellectual disabilities |
front 23 moderate intellectual disabilities | back 23 IQs of 40 to 54, deficits are obvious early, language and motor skills are lagging behind |
front 24 severe intellectual disability and profound intellectual disability | back 24 IQs of 25 to 39 and under 25 unable to function independently and typically requre care for entire lives |
front 25 fetal alcohol spectrum disorder | back 25 mother's use of alchol while pregnant produces intellectual disabilities 9 out of 1000 children |
front 26 Down syndrome | back 26 47 instead of 46 chromosomes, extra copy of 21st chromosome usually |
front 27 familial intellectual disabilities | back 27 no apparent biological or genetic problems exist, but there is a history of intellectual disability amoung family members. |
front 28 mainstreaming | back 28 practice of educating students with intellectual deficits and other special needs in regular classes during specific time periods. |
front 29 full inclusion | back 29 total integration of all students into regular classes (even those with intellectual disabilities) |
front 30 intellectually gifted | back 30 2 to 4 perfect of the population IQ scores greater than 130 do well across almost every domain |
front 31 bias IQ | back 31 members of certain racial and cultural groups consistently score lower on average on traditional intelligence tests than do members of other groups |
front 32 culture fair IQ test | back 32 one that does not discriminate against the members of any minority group, psychologists have tried to devise test items that assess experiences common to all cultures or emphasize questions that do not require language usage |
front 33 heritability | back 33 the degree to which a characteristic is related to inherited genetic factors. a trait with high heritability is strongly related to genetic factors |
front 34 flynn effect | back 34 named for Flynn researcher, the change in IQ scores amounts to roughly 3-point increase every decade |
front 35 intelligence is it more nature or nurture | back 35 more nature but nurture does play a role |
front 36 sleep brain activity | back 36 measures of electrial activity show that the brain is active during sleep |
front 37 stage 1 sleep | back 37 relatively rapid, low amplitude brain waves. images sometimes appear (hallicinations, jerking) as if we were viewing still photos, although this is not true dreaming lasts around 5 minutes |
front 38 stage 2 sleep | back 38 makes up half of the total sleep in early 20s, characterized by an even slower, more regular wave pattern. momentary interruptions of sharly pointed, spiky waves called sleep spindles. difficult to wake someone in stage 2 lasts around 20 minutes |
front 39 stage 3 sleep | back 39 the deepest stage, the brain waves become slower with higher peaks and lower valleys in the wave pattern people are the least responsive to outside stimulation lasts 30 minutes |
front 40 REM sleep | back 40 quick back and forth eye movement, occupies 20% of adults total sleeping time when dreams are most likely to occur in the REM period |
front 41 stages of sleep | back 41 90-100 minute cycles |
front 42 rebound effect | back 42 REM deprived sleepers spend significantly more time in REM sleep then normal |
front 43 ideas for why we sleep | back 43 sleep conserves energy for the daytime, sleep restores and replensishes, sleep helps forgetting, sleep promotes physical growth and development |
front 44 average sleep | back 44 around 7 to 8 hours a night, which is 3 hours less than people would sleep 100 years ago |
front 45 excessive sleep | back 45 linked to health problems like depression, diabetes, and heart disease |
front 46 women vs men sleeping | back 46 women fall asleep more quickly, they sleep for longer, and sleep more deeply |
front 47 lack of sleep | back 47 temporarily is not particularly harmful but makes us feel edgy, slows our reaction times, and lower our preformance on academic and physical tasks |
front 48 nightmares | back 48 unusually frightening dreams that occur fairly often associated with negative experiences throughout the day like worry and anxiety. |
front 49 unconscious wish fulfillment theory | back 49 Sigmund Freud viewed dreams as a guide to the unconscious, proposed that dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to be fulfilled. symbols represent latent content (example: stairway represents sex) |
front 50 dreams for survival theory | back 50 based in the evolutionary perspective, dreams permit us to reconsider and process during sleep information that is critical for our daily survival this process is evident in rats |
front 51 activation-synthesis theory | back 51 random electrical energy that the brain produces during REM sleep, possibly a result of changes in the production of particular neurotransmitters. this stimulates memories stored in the brain |
front 52 dream incubation | back 52 external stimuli such as specific visual or audio cues at just the right time can trigger specific dream content - a process called dream incubation. |
front 53 insomnia | back 53 a problem that afflicts as many as 1/3 of all people. difficulty sleeping |
front 54 sleep apnea | back 54 a condition in which a person has difficulty breathing while sleeping |
front 55 SIDS | back 55 Sudden infant death syndrome when normal infants die while sleeping |
front 56 night terrors | back 56 sudden awakenings from nonREM sleep that are accompanied by extreme fear, panic, and strong physiological arousal |
front 57 narcolepsy | back 57 uncontrollable sleeping that occurs for short periods while a person is awake. go straight into rem sleep. |
front 58 sleeptalking and sleepwalking | back 58 occur during sleep 3 sleep, more common in children than adults |
front 59 circadian rhythms | back 59 biological processes that occur regularly on approximately a 24-hour cycle explains mid-afternoon tiredness and naps (siestas) |
front 60 suprachiasmatic nucleas (SCN) | back 60 controls our circadian rhythms |
front 61 seasonal affective disorder | back 61 form of severe depression which increases during the winter and lift during the rest of the year. |
front 62 daydreams | back 62 fantasies people construct while awake, content is usually related to immediate events in the environment link between daydreaming and creativity |
front 63 hypnosis | back 63 people under hypnosis are in a trancelike state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others cannot happen against their will susceptibility to hypnosis varies, 5-20% cannot be and 15% are easily |
front 64 divided consciousness | back 64 Ernest Hilgard states there are two components of hypnosis, the commands, adn the "hidden observers" being aware of what is going on. could feel pain but think you feel no pain |
front 65 hypnosis to solve human problems | back 65 controlling pain, reducing smoking, treating psychological disorders, assisting law enforement , improving athletic performance |
front 66 meditation | back 66 learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness usually includes repetition of a mantra - sounds, words, syllables. greater relaxation and reduction in heart disease |
front 67 ineffability | back 67 inability to understand an experience rationally or describe it in words |
front 68 pyschoative drugs | back 68 influence a person's emotions, perceptions and behavior (coffee, beer, etc.) |
front 69 addictive drugs | back 69 produce a biological or psychological dependence (or both) on a drug |
front 70 biological drug dependence | back 70 the body becomes so accustomed to functioning in the presence of a drug that it cannot function without it |
front 71 psychological drug dependence | back 71 people believe they need the drug to respond to the stresses of daily living |
front 72 caffeine | back 72 one of many stimulants, used to stay awake |
front 73 stimulants | back 73 drugs whose effect on the central nervous system causes a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension amphetamines (adderall and meth which are known as speed), cocaine (is rapidly absorbed into the body and takes affect immediately), caffeine, nicotine |
front 74 nicotine | back 74 found In cigarettes, is another stimulant |
front 75 amphetamines | back 75 like dexedrine and benzedrine, popularly known as speed, are strong stimulants, mood "high", loss of appetite, energy and alertness meth and adderall |
front 76 depressants | back 76 anxiety reduction, impede the nervous system by causing neurons to fire more slowly alcohol, barbiturates (nembutal, seconal, phenobarbital), rohypnol (roofies, date-rape drug) |
front 77 narcotics | back 77 heroin, morphine, opioids (synthetic drugs like Vicodin, fentanyl, percocet, OxyContin) |
front 78 hallucinogens | back 78 are drugs that alter perceptions, thoughts, and feelings. can even produce hallucinations, the experience of sensing things may seem real but are not. cannabis (Marijuana - with THC, Hashish), MDMA (ecstasy and Molly), LSD (acid) smoke from Marijuana is more damaging than cannabis |
front 79 steroids | back 79 rhoids, juice |
front 80 binge drinking | back 80 drinking enough alcohol in a single setting to increase the blood alcohol level to .08% |
front 81 alcoholics | back 81 people with alcohol abuse problems, come to rely on alcohol and continue to drunk even though it causes serious difficulties |
front 82 morphine and heroin | back 82 both are narcotics that increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety and are derived from the poppy seed pod |
front 83 opiates vs opioids | back 83 opiates are derived from natural substances, include morphine and heroin, and codeine opioids are synthetic narcotics such as Vicodin, Percocet, fentanyl and OxyContin (all are created in labs and are prescribed to alleviate pain) |
front 84 methodne | back 84 synthetic chemical that satisfies a heroin user's biological cravings for the drug without providing the high |
front 85 Suboxone | back 85 painkiller that reduces the withdrawal symptoms from heroin |
front 86 vivitrol | back 86 an injection that lasts about a month that prevents withdrawal systems and prevents the high if heroin is used |
front 87 psychodynamic approaches to personality | back 87 based on the idea that personality is primarily unconscious and motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness. started by Sigmund Freud |
front 88 psychoanalytic theory | back 88 assumes much of our behavior is driven by unconscious determinants. |
front 89 unconscious | back 89 a part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware. much of behavior is controlled by this according to Freud |
front 90 observing the unconscious | back 90 done through clues like slips of tongue (often called a Freudian slip), fantasies, dreams, etc. |
front 91 preconscious | back 91 apart of the unconscious which contains material that is not threatening and is easily brought to mind (like 2+2=4) |
front 92 instinctual drives | back 92 deep in the unconscious the wishes, desires, demands, and needs that are hidden because of the conflicts and pain they would cause if they were apart of our everyday lives |
front 93 Freud's personality model | back 93 the id (completely unconscious), superego, and ego (both half and half conscious and unconscious) |
front 94 id | back 94 the primitive, instinctual craving and longings unorganized from birth relates to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses opperates on pleasure principle |
front 95 ego | back 95 rational and logical part of the personality attempts to balance the id and the realities of the objective/outside world develops soon after birth the reality principle |
front 96 superego | back 96 part of the personality that harshly judges the morality of our behavior includes the conscience - prevents wrong doing |
front 97 psychosexual stages | back 97 Freud's personality development through 5 stages that relate to sexual urges: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital |
front 98 fixation | back 98 conflicts or concerns that persist beyond Freud's developmental period in which they first occur |
front 99 oral psychosexual stage | back 99 birth to 12-18 months, interest in oral gratification main conflict is weaning, could result in interest in oral activities (talking, eating, smoking) |
front 100 anal psychosexual stage | back 100 12-18 months to 3 years learning to potty train so gratification comes from using the bathroom fixation would be if this was a difficult stage, could result in being very type A or type B |
front 101 phallic psychosexual stage | back 101 age3 to 5-6 interest focuses on the genitals and the pleasure from fondling them this is where the Oedipal conflict is |
front 102 latency psychosexual stage | back 102 after resolution of Oedipal conflict (around 5-6) until puberty. sexual interests lay dorminant, even in the unconscious |
front 103 genital psychosexual stage | back 103 puberty to death focus on sexual feelings and mainly sexual intercourse |
front 104 oedipal conflict | back 104 childs intense, sexual interest in their opposite-sex parent. Stems from the Greek story/myth. Sons want to get rid of the father (but they are too strong) but end up resonating with them Daughters resent the mother for castration (missing a penis) but rather end up resonating with them |
front 105 identification | back 105 the process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible, imitating a person's behavior and adopting similar beliefs, attitudes and values (what kids end up doing after Oedipal conflict) |
front 106 anxiety | back 106 an intense emotional experience that Freud considers to be a danger signal to the ego |
front 107 defense mechanisms | back 107 unconsious strategies that people use to reduce anxiey |
front 108 repression | back 108 main defense mechanism push unpleasant memories to the conscious |
front 109 regression | back 109 defense mechanism people behave as if they were at an earlier stage of development temper tantrums |
front 110 displacement | back 110 defense mechanism expression of unwanted feeling or throught is redirected from a more threatening and powerful person to a weaker one taking out agression on teacher to brother |
front 111 rationalization | back 111 defense mechanism people self-justifying explanations in place of the actual, but threatening, reason for their behavior drinking to avoid homework (make up an excuse for why you are drinking) |
front 112 denial | back 112 defense mechanism people refuse to accept an anxiety-producing piece of information ignore a bad grade |
front 113 projection | back 113 defense mechanism attribute unwanted impulses and feelings to someone else when someone who is cheating accuses their spouse of cheating |
front 114 sublimation | back 114 defense mechanism divert unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts, feelings, or behaviors a violent person becomes a soldier |
front 115 reaction formation | back 115 defense mechanism unconscious impluses are expressed as their opposite in consciousness neglagant parent acts overly loving |
front 116 neurosis | back 116 Freuds term for using too many defense mechanisms that it becomes difficult |
front 117 neo-Freudian psychoanalysts | back 117 originally studied Freuds theories but changed them a little - rejected sexual urges - women envy men for their independent, success, and freedom - motivation for superiority not sex |
front 118 collective unconsious | back 118 Jung's theory that we inherit a set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols because of humans shared ancestral past |
front 119 archetypes | back 119 Jung's universal symbolic representations of particular types of people, objects, ideas, or experiences |
front 120 inferiority complex | back 120 adults who have not been able to overcome feelings of inadequency they developed as children |
front 121 traits | back 121 consistent, habitual personality characteristics and behaviors that are displayed across different situations |
front 122 trait theory | back 122 the personality approach that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality |
front 123 trait-theory categories of traits | back 123 cardinal, central, and secondary |
front 124 cardinal traits | back 124 a cardinal trait is a single, overriding characterisitic that motivates most of a persons behavior (selfless, power-hungry) |
front 125 central traits | back 125 usually 5-10 but can be less traits that make up a core personality (warmth, friendly) |
front 126 secondary traits | back 126 characterisitics that affect behavior in fewer situations (reluctance to eat meat, love of modern art) |
front 127 factor analysis | back 127 statistical method of identifying patterns among a large number of variables and combining them into more fundamental groupings example is the 16 factor questionaire by Cattell |
front 128 factors | back 128 fundamental patterns of traits that cluster together in the same person |
front 129 Eysenck's 3 major dimensions | back 129 extraversion: sociability neuroticism: emotional stability psychoticism: degree to which reality is distorted (aggression, cold, egocentric, impulsive) |
front 130 the big 5 | back 130 5 cores of personality:OCEAN Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism (emotional stability) |
front 131 Skinner's behaviorist approach to personality | back 131 personality is a collection of learned behavior patterns |
front 132 social cognitive approaches to personality | back 132 emphasize the influence of cognition - thoughts, feelings, expectations, and values - as well as observation of others' behavior on personality learning someones personality from observational learning |
front 133 self-efficacy | back 133 the belief that we can master a situation and produce positive outcomes |
front 134 self esteem | back 134 the component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative evaluations of ourselves |
front 135 narcissism | back 135 people show self-absorption and hold inflated views of themselves |
front 136 biological and evolutionary approaches to personality | back 136 suggests that important components of personality are inherited shown through indentical twins |
front 137 temperament | back 137 an individuals behavorial style and characteristic way of responding (general activity level and mood) - quite consistent from birth to adolescence |
front 138 humanistic approaches to personality | back 138 emphasize peoples inherit goodness and their tendency to move toward higher levels of functioning |
front 139 self-actualization | back 139 a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potention, each in a unique way |
front 140 unconditional positive regard | back 140 refers to an attitude of acceptance and respect on the observer's part no matter what a person says or does |
front 141 conditional positive regard | back 141 depends on behavior. others withdraw their love and acceptance if you do something of which they don't approve. |
front 142 psychological tests | back 142 standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively |
front 143 test norms | back 143 the distribution of test scores for a large sample of individuals who have taken a test |
front 144 self-report measure | back 144 people are asked questions about their own behavior and traits |
front 145 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) | back 145 original purpose was to identify people with psychological difficulties, now used to perdict behaviors |
front 146 test standardization | back 146 a technique used to validate questions on personality tests by analyzing the responses of people who have completed the same set of questions under same circumstances |
front 147 Kuder Career Interest Assessment-Likert (KCIA-L) | back 147 self report measure measures the relative level of interest a person has in six broad areas (then used to match career paths) |
front 148 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator | back 148 sims to place people along four-dimensions introverts-extraversts, intuitors-sensors, thinkers-feelers, perceivers-judgers |
front 149 projective personality tests | back 149 people are shown a vague stimulus and asked to describe it or tell a story and then information about their personality is inferred Roschach test or Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
front 150 behaviorial assessment | back 150 learning approach, directly measues an individuals behavior by oberservational research or in a lab with controlled conditions |