multicellular organisms

ALL: Porifera (sponge), Cnidaria (jellyfish), Platyhelminthes (worm), Annelids (worm), Mollusks (worm), Nematode (worm), Arthropods (insects), Echinoderms (starfish)

(any) symmetry

ALL: Porifera (sponge), Cnidaria (jellyfish), Platyhelminthes (worm), Annelids (worm), Mollusks (worm), Nematode (worm), Arthropods (insects), Echinoderms (starfish)

Radial Symmetry (cut at least 2 times symmetrically)

Cnidaria (jellyfish), Echinoderms (starfish)

Bilateral Symmetry (cut into 2 symmetrically)

Platyhelminthes (worm), Annelids (worm), Mollusks (worm), Nematode (worm), Arthropods (insects), Echinoderms (starfish)

true coelom (fluid-filled body cavity)

Annelids (worms), Mollusks (snails, clams), Arthropods (insects), Echinodermata (starfish)

Pseudocoelom (fluid-filled body cavity in the outer tube)

Nematodes (roundworms)

Cephalization (has a head)

Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Annelids (worms), Mollusks (snails, clams), Nematodes (roundworms), Arthropods (insects)

Protostome (one mouth)

Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Annelids (worms), Mollusks (snails, clams), Nematodes (roundworms), Arthropods (insects)

Deuterostome (2 mouths)

Echinodermata (starfish)

Growth by molting (shedding)

Nematodes (roundworms), Arthropods (insects)

Segmentation (division)

Annelids (worms), Arthropods (insects)

convergent evolution

characteristic occurs twice

same trait, diff ancestor

how do we know if the population is evolving using chi-square

if chi-square is above zero, then you know there is evolution.

if chi-square is zero, then there is no evolution.

3 eye phenotypes

normal round eyes, kidney (heart) eyes, bar shape/slit eye

Normal round eyes

X+X+ (wildtype), X+Y

Kidney (heart) eyes

X+Xb

Bar shape/Slit eyes

XbXb, Xb,Y

how do you characterize phyla

based on form, function, and ecological roles