multicellular organisms
ALL: Porifera (sponge), Cnidaria (jellyfish), Platyhelminthes (worm), Annelids (worm), Mollusks (worm), Nematode (worm), Arthropods (insects), Echinoderms (starfish)
(any) symmetry
ALL: Porifera (sponge), Cnidaria (jellyfish), Platyhelminthes (worm), Annelids (worm), Mollusks (worm), Nematode (worm), Arthropods (insects), Echinoderms (starfish)
Radial Symmetry (cut at least 2 times symmetrically)
Cnidaria (jellyfish), Echinoderms (starfish)
Bilateral Symmetry (cut into 2 symmetrically)
Platyhelminthes (worm), Annelids (worm), Mollusks (worm), Nematode (worm), Arthropods (insects), Echinoderms (starfish)
true coelom (fluid-filled body cavity)
Annelids (worms), Mollusks (snails, clams), Arthropods (insects), Echinodermata (starfish)
Pseudocoelom (fluid-filled body cavity in the outer tube)
Nematodes (roundworms)
Cephalization (has a head)
Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Annelids (worms), Mollusks (snails, clams), Nematodes (roundworms), Arthropods (insects)
Protostome (one mouth)
Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Annelids (worms), Mollusks (snails, clams), Nematodes (roundworms), Arthropods (insects)
Deuterostome (2 mouths)
Echinodermata (starfish)
Growth by molting (shedding)
Nematodes (roundworms), Arthropods (insects)
Segmentation (division)
Annelids (worms), Arthropods (insects)
convergent evolution
characteristic occurs twice
same trait, diff ancestor
how do we know if the population is evolving using chi-square
if chi-square is above zero, then you know there is evolution.
if chi-square is zero, then there is no evolution.
3 eye phenotypes
normal round eyes, kidney (heart) eyes, bar shape/slit eye
Normal round eyes
X+X+ (wildtype), X+Y
Kidney (heart) eyes
X+Xb
Bar shape/Slit eyes
XbXb, Xb,Y
how do you characterize phyla
based on form, function, and ecological roles