What does the central dogma of biology theory describe?

the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein

What are the steps of the central dogma?

DNA is transcribed to RNA because it can't leave the cell. Then the RNA is translated into protein in the cytoplasm.

What are the steps of transcription and translation?

initiation, elongation, and termination

What happens during transcription initiation?

RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter(the original DNA strand). The mRNA codes for thymine(T) instead of uracil(U)

What happens during transcription elongation?

Nucleotides are added to the mRNA strand

What happens during transcription termination?

RNA polymerase finds the stop sequence and detaches from the DNA

What happens during translation initiation?

Ribosomes bind to mRNA and look for the star codon AUG

What happens during translation elongation?

Ribosomes move across the mRNA strand from 5' to 3' as tRNA's transport amino acids

What happens during translation termination?

The three stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) stop translation

What are peptide chains?

Chains of amino acids

What are the 4 levels of protein structure?

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

What is the primary protein structure?

A linear sequence of amino acids (polypeptide)

What is the secondary protein structure?

Folding patterns caused by hydrogen bonds between the polypeptide backbone. Forms alpha helices and beta sheets

What is the tertiary protein structure?

Interactions between amino acid side chains causes a 3D structure to begin forming.

What is the quaternary protein stucture?

Multiple polypeptides arrange to create a protein complex

All amino acids contain what elements?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

Amino acids are grouped based on what?

Their properties. (Charge, non-polar, and polar)

What is sickle cell anemia?

codominant genetic disorder caused by a single nucleotide
missense mutation

Sickle cell is most prevalent in what ethnicity?

African

What does sickle cell cause?

Red blood cells to look sickled and can cause organ damage. anemia, pain, and increase risk of infection

Ture or false. Sickle Cell Anemia arose from a mutation due to natural selection

True

Ture or false. sickle cell can help prevent malaria

True. Without sickle cell people are at risk to get malaria

What is codominance?

If an individual is heterozygous one allele does not mask the other, they are both expressed at the same time. Both phenotypes will be shown.

Chromosmes 11 contains what gene that is responsible for the shape of hemoglobin?

hemoglobin beta gene (HBB)