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genetics lab quiz 6

front 1

What does the central dogma of biology theory describe?

back 1

the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein

front 2

What are the steps of the central dogma?

back 2

DNA is transcribed to RNA because it can't leave the cell. Then the RNA is translated into protein in the cytoplasm.

front 3

What are the steps of transcription and translation?

back 3

initiation, elongation, and termination

front 4

What happens during transcription initiation?

back 4

RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter(the original DNA strand). The mRNA codes for thymine(T) instead of uracil(U)

front 5

What happens during transcription elongation?

back 5

Nucleotides are added to the mRNA strand

front 6

What happens during transcription termination?

back 6

RNA polymerase finds the stop sequence and detaches from the DNA

front 7

What happens during translation initiation?

back 7

Ribosomes bind to mRNA and look for the star codon AUG

front 8

What happens during translation elongation?

back 8

Ribosomes move across the mRNA strand from 5' to 3' as tRNA's transport amino acids

front 9

What happens during translation termination?

back 9

The three stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) stop translation

front 10

What are peptide chains?

back 10

Chains of amino acids

front 11

What are the 4 levels of protein structure?

back 11

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

front 12

What is the primary protein structure?

back 12

A linear sequence of amino acids (polypeptide)

front 13

What is the secondary protein structure?

back 13

Folding patterns caused by hydrogen bonds between the polypeptide backbone. Forms alpha helices and beta sheets

front 14

What is the tertiary protein structure?

back 14

Interactions between amino acid side chains causes a 3D structure to begin forming.

front 15

What is the quaternary protein stucture?

back 15

Multiple polypeptides arrange to create a protein complex

front 16

All amino acids contain what elements?

back 16

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

front 17

Amino acids are grouped based on what?

back 17

Their properties. (Charge, non-polar, and polar)

front 18

What is sickle cell anemia?

back 18

codominant genetic disorder caused by a single nucleotide
missense mutation

front 19

Sickle cell is most prevalent in what ethnicity?

back 19

African

front 20

What does sickle cell cause?

back 20

Red blood cells to look sickled and can cause organ damage. anemia, pain, and increase risk of infection

front 21

Ture or false. Sickle Cell Anemia arose from a mutation due to natural selection

back 21

True

front 22

Ture or false. sickle cell can help prevent malaria

back 22

True. Without sickle cell people are at risk to get malaria

front 23

What is codominance?

back 23

If an individual is heterozygous one allele does not mask the other, they are both expressed at the same time. Both phenotypes will be shown.

front 24

Chromosmes 11 contains what gene that is responsible for the shape of hemoglobin?

back 24

hemoglobin beta gene (HBB)