front 1 What does the central dogma of biology theory describe? | back 1 the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein |
front 2 What are the steps of the central dogma? | back 2 DNA is transcribed to RNA because it can't leave the cell. Then the RNA is translated into protein in the cytoplasm. |
front 3 What are the steps of transcription and translation? | back 3 initiation, elongation, and termination |
front 4 What happens during transcription initiation? | back 4 RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter(the original DNA strand). The mRNA codes for thymine(T) instead of uracil(U) |
front 5 What happens during transcription elongation? | back 5 Nucleotides are added to the mRNA strand |
front 6 What happens during transcription termination? | back 6 RNA polymerase finds the stop sequence and detaches from the DNA |
front 7 What happens during translation initiation? | back 7 Ribosomes bind to mRNA and look for the star codon AUG |
front 8 What happens during translation elongation? | back 8 Ribosomes move across the mRNA strand from 5' to 3' as tRNA's transport amino acids |
front 9 What happens during translation termination? | back 9 The three stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) stop translation |
front 10 What are peptide chains? | back 10 Chains of amino acids |
front 11 What are the 4 levels of protein structure? | back 11 Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary |
front 12 What is the primary protein structure? | back 12 A linear sequence of amino acids (polypeptide) |
front 13 What is the secondary protein structure? | back 13 Folding patterns caused by hydrogen bonds between the polypeptide backbone. Forms alpha helices and beta sheets |
front 14 What is the tertiary protein structure? | back 14 Interactions between amino acid side chains causes a 3D structure to begin forming. |
front 15 What is the quaternary protein stucture? | back 15 Multiple polypeptides arrange to create a protein complex |
front 16 All amino acids contain what elements? | back 16 Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur |
front 17 Amino acids are grouped based on what? | back 17 Their properties. (Charge, non-polar, and polar) |
front 18 What is sickle cell anemia? | back 18 codominant genetic disorder caused by a single
nucleotide |
front 19 Sickle cell is most prevalent in what ethnicity? | back 19 African |
front 20 What does sickle cell cause? | back 20 Red blood cells to look sickled and can cause organ damage. anemia, pain, and increase risk of infection |
front 21 Ture or false. Sickle Cell Anemia arose from a mutation due to natural selection | back 21 True |
front 22 Ture or false. sickle cell can help prevent malaria | back 22 True. Without sickle cell people are at risk to get malaria |
front 23 What is codominance? | back 23 If an individual is heterozygous one allele does not mask the other, they are both expressed at the same time. Both phenotypes will be shown. |
front 24 Chromosmes 11 contains what gene that is responsible for the shape of hemoglobin? | back 24 hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) |