Emotional neglect includes abandonment, expulsion from the home, failure to seek medical attention, and inadequate supervision.

True

False

False

During the investigative stage, which of the following occurs?

removal of the child

home visits

questions of placement

an accusation

home visits

A person, who is incarcerated, visiting a chat room for pedophiles is an example of internet exploitation

True

False

True

The most common type of sibling incest victimization is ______

vaginal penetration

anal penetration

fondling and touching

oral intercourse

fondling and touching

Eddie, a 13-year-old boy, is regularly taken to the doctor by his mother. His mother claims that he gets sick easily and keeps him home from school for this reason. However, the doctor has found no cause for the claimed symptoms or support for the claim that Eddie gets sick. This may be an example of ______.

Munchausen syndrome by proxy

criminal sexual abuse

family violence

child neglect

Munchausen syndrome by proxy

Viewing children on a pornography website would be considered which of the following types of crime

sexual assault

sexual abuse

human trafficking

sexual exploitation

sexual exploitation

Physical, emotional, or sexual assaults are categorized as direct violence.

True

False

True

Which of the following is an exception for abuse and neglect

emotional abuse

allowing truancy

sex trafficking

financial inability to care for a child

financial inability to care for a child

Match the example provided with the type of neglect.

Parents ignore teacher concerns about academic achievement.

A father forces a child to leave the home

A mother has drugs in the house and allows her teenager to use them

Education

Physical

Emotional

Parents ignore teacher concerns about academic achievement. Education

A father forces a child to leave the home Physical

A mother has drugs in the house and allows her teenager to use them Emotional

Sibling abuse is probably more common than child abuse

True

False

True

An investigator is working on a case of internet exploitation of children. Based on prior research into the demographics of such people who are incarcerated, which of the following individuals would the investigator most suspect

Mandy, a female retail store clerk

John, a white plumber

Travis, an African American high-school student

Bill, a white college graduate in his 30s

Bill, a white college graduate in his 30s

Match the following definitions to the terms.

a child who is forced into sexual acts

intentional fondling of body parts through the use of force

contact with or intrusion into the sex organ

allowing a child to engage in prostitution

Human trafficking

Sexual abuse

Sexual assault

Sexual exploration

a child who is forced into sexual acts Human trafficking

intentional fondling of body parts through the use of force Sexual abuse

contact with or intrusion into the sex organ Sexual assault

allowing a child to engage in prostitution Sexual exploration

Child abuse, by definition, must be either physical or sexual abuse

True

False

False

When an abused child grows up and abuses their own children, this is known as the ______ of violence.

circle

recurrence

cycle

duplication

cycle

Exchanging child pornography is a type of

sexual victimization

internet exploitation

human trafficking

physical abuse

Internet exploitation

According to research conducted by the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, children with ______ are four times more likely to be abused and neglected.

disabilities

siblings

single parents

high academic achievement

disabilities

Studies suggest that older siblings who sexually abuse a sibling usually are looking for a way to satisfy ______ needs

emotional

psychological

sexual

physical

emotional

There is a clear understanding of abuse vs. discipline

True

False

False

According to research, ______ children were more likely to experience sexual abuse.

older

younger

male

adopted

younger

Sibling incest victimization tends to last for longer periods of time than adult to child incest

True

False

False

Abused and neglected children showed significantly lower levels

True

False

True

Which of the following would represent the clearest case of child abuse requiring the intervention of authorities?

financial inability to care for a child spanking on the rear end

psychological abuse

beating with a wooden bat

beating with a wooden bat

Girls experience higher rates of both physical and sexual assault than boys True

False

False

Sean is a minor whose parents are rarely at home. He often stays home rather than going to school, and his parents do not punish him for doing so. This is considered what type of neglect?

physical

emotional

educational

sexual

educational

Studies suggest that older siblings who sexually abuse a sibling usually are looking for a way to satisfy ______ needs

physical

emotional

sexual

psychological

emotional

Two brothers are playing outside without adult supervision. The older brother repeatedly shoves the younger one and hits him with a plastic shovel until the younger brother begins to cry. The older brother’s actions are an example of

emotional abuse

child neglect

exploitation

sibling abuse

sibling abuse

Which of the following is an example of indirect violence

sexual assault by an acquaintance witnessing domestic abuse

physical attacks

a parent neglecting a child

a parent neglecting a child

Connectedness, parental engagement, and physical and mental well-being are examples of protective factors to delinquency within the ______ environment.

family

peer

home

school

School

Bullying is most likely to occur in which of the following locations?

classroom

hallway

cafeteria

bathroom

hallway

Courts have determined that children who have been found delinquent can be dismissed from school without due process.

True

False

False

Labeling has a positive correlation with juvenile justice involvement.

True

False

True

Current perceptions of teachers’ roles hold that teachers who teach students ______ will have better learners.

curricula based on state tests

accountability for their behavior

classroom management techniques

emergency lockdown drills

accountability for their behavior

Girls are more frequently the perpetrators of bullying compared to boys.

True

False

False

Every state has defined compulsory attendance laws that discuss chronic or habitual absences, also known as ______.

grade retention

social promotion

truancy

dropout

truancy

Mira has always been a high achiever in school. She does not participate in a lot of extracurriculars or school activities, but she makes sure to do her homework and tries to get good grades in the hopes of getting into a good college. Mira demonstrates a high level of which of Hirschi’s social bonds?

commitment

belief

attachment

involvement

commitment

Which student is likely to feel the greatest school connectedness?

student with good grades whose parents attend school functions

student who has experienced homelessness

student who has been chronically absent due to parent illness

student with prosocial friends who has been labeled a slow learner

student with good grades whose parents attend school functions

Ernest spent his summer volunteering at a retirement home. One of the people he met there is an alumnus from the college he wants to go in, and has helped him with his application. This is an example of a(n) ______ benefit of volunteering.

psychological

academic

social

economic

social

Because of increased assessments to measure academic standards, there has been an increase in ______.

grade retention

school dropout

social promotion

delinquency

grade retention

Suggested changes to break the school-to-prison pipeline include which of the following?

increased expulsions

increasing disciplinary measures

changing zero tolerance policies

more reliance on school resource officers

changing zero tolerance policies

A school is implementing some school safety measures. Students now must enter school grounds only through designated entry points, and must put their backpacks through metal detectors to ensure no weapons are inside them. What type of school safety measure is this?

emergency plans and drills

school resource officers

target hardening

teacher training

target hardening

Adult support has been shown to strengthen school connectedness.

True

False

True

One of the benefits of community service and volunteering is reduced depression.

True

False

True

Ridwan goes to an afterschool program where he meets up with an adult who works in the field he’s interested in. They talk about school, and Ridwan receives tutoring in some of his classes. Which type of delinquency prevention program is this

volunteering

mentoring

antiviolence

antibullying

mentoring

Girls experience higher incidences of bullying and cyberbullying.

True

False

True

Protective factors increase a child’s ability to

recognize irrelevant curricula

avoid risks

identify learning disabilities

reject labels

avoid risks

Which of the following is an example of cyberbullying

spreading rumors

physical violence

destroying someone’s property

sending a threatening email

sending a threatening email

require schools to discipline students in consistent and specific ways regardless of circumstance.

School to prison pipelines

Exclusionary policies

Zero tolerance policies

Expulsions

Zero tolerance policies

Which term refers to preventable differences in disease, injury, and violence among youth?

health disparities

risk factors

socially disadvantaged population

protective factors

health disparities

Which population of youth tends to be most overrepresented with the juvenile courts and for incarceration?

males without disabilities

males with disabilities

females with disabilities

females without disabilities

males with disabilities

Students who volunteer can gain economic, psychological, social, and cognitive benefits.

True

False

True

Bullying has increased in recent years. True

False

False

Children ______ are at an increased risk of school failure.

from urban areas

with learning and behavior disorders

from single parent homes

in large schools

with learning and behavior disorders

Teachers perceive male students as more academically responsible than females. True

False

False

Harley is failing multiple classes and has been labeled behaviorally challenged by teachers. Her next minor infraction lands her in the juvenile justice system rather than less formal sanctions, which most students would incur. Harley’s example demonstrates

out of school suspension

juvenile detention

the school-to-prison pipeline

physical restraints

the school-to-prison pipeline

Current perceptions of teachers’ roles hold that teachers who teach students ______ will have better learners.

emergency lockdown drills

classroom management techniques

curricula based on state tests

accountability for their behavior

accountability for their behavior

Individual or environmental conditions that reduce the effects of stressful life events are known as to

health disparities

domains

protective factors

risk factors

protective factors

The key to academic success, reducing abuse and neglect, and diverting or preventing youth involvement in delinquency is early intervention

True

False

True

Which of the following is a response to school violence that includes the use of lockdown drills?

teacher training

target hardening

emergency plans and drills

school resource officers

emergency plans and drills

Practicing for emergency events in schools provides comfort and improved mental health for students.

True

False

False

The school-to-prison pipeline is so named because it refers to the practices that criminalize behavioral problems in the school system and rely on the ______ to control student behavior

juvenile justice system

family

school resource officer program

school’s administrators

juvenile justice system

youth experience decreased drug use, increased confidence, and stronger relationships with parents and teachers.

Introverted

Extroverted

Gifted

Mentored

Mentored

Which student is most likely to drop out?

Asian male student with an instance of detention

White male student with a history of aggressive behavior

Hispanic female student who participates in school sports

Black female student whose parents are in the Parent-Teacher Association

White male student with a history of aggressive behavior

Schools are one of the most dangerous places for youth to be

True

False

False

Bullied students have higher rates of educational achievement

True

False

False

Schools do not directly cause delinquency but might present conditions that foster delinquent behavior.

True

False

True

Which student is likely to feel the greatest school connectedness?

student with good grades whose parents attend school functions

student with prosocial friends who has been labeled a slow learner

student who has experienced homelessness

student who has been chronically absent due to parent illness

student with good grades whose parents attend school functions

There is a negative correlation between violence and victimization and the success of the educational environment

True

False

True

Which school is most likely to have security staff or designated police officers on school grounds

rural high school with student body of 800 students

urban middle school with student body of 1,200 students

rural middle school with student body of 600 students

urban high school with student body of 1,500 students

urban high school with student body of 1,500 students

Identifying a student as a slow learner, known as ______, can lead to negative attitudes.

truancy

labeling

grade retention

social promotion

labeling

The idea that school connectedness can reduce delinquency is most closely related to which criminological theory of crime

social learning

social control

social bonding

social disorganization

social bonding

Children with disabilities are more likely to be pushed into the criminal justice system by arrests for nonviolent acts.

True

False

True

According to the cycle of violence/abuse, children who see their parents perpetuate violence then perpetuate violence against their own children because they’re socialized to believe this is normal. The cycle of violence/abuse can best be explained by which theory?

labeling

psychological

differential association

biological

Differential association

In order to create more comprehensive explanations of crime and delinquency, combinations of preexisting theories have produced integrated theories.

True

False

True

Behaviorists suggest that criminal behavior can be learned through a process of rewards and punishments. This process is called ______.

labeling

deterrence

conditioning

socializing

conditioning

theories of delinquency are based on the idea that crime and delinquency are inherited.

Biological

Classical

Psychological

Life-course

Biological

Preventing a person who is incarcerated from committing further crimes is known as ______ deterrence.

specific

authoritative

individual

general

specific

Neurocriminology stresses the major importance of which of the following factors?

environmental

psychological

social

physiological

physiological

In an acceptable theory, the relationship between the assertions must be ______.

logical

true

spurious

irrefutable

logical

Which of the following is an early health risk factor that increases the likelihood that a juvenile will engage in delinquent behavior?

previous miscarriages of the mother

homelessness

seizures

drug use during pregnancy

drug use during pregnancy

Research has suggested that there are three major factors contributing to women’s involvement in the criminal justice system: victimization, mental disorders, and substance use.

True

False

True

Under a(n) ______ perspective, an individual’s behavior is presumed to be due to the three aspects of their personality: the id, the ego, and the superego.

personality and crime

moral development

psychoanalytic

attachment

psychoanalytic

Which type of theory attempts to explain how antisocial behavior develops, how different risk factors exist at different ages, and the differential effects of events on antisocial behavior?

Marxist

interactional

control balance

life course-persistent–adolescence-limited

life course-persistent–adolescence-limited

Research has suggested that punishment that is swift and certain is necessary for which theory of crime?

biological

classical

positive

deterrence

deterrence

If a research found that a specific structure in the brain was highly predictive of criminality, this would lend credence to which type of theory?

deterrence

neurological

psychological

social

neurological

Given the connection between prenatal complications and later delinquent behavior among youths, universal free prenatal and neonatal health care could be very effective in preventing delinquency.

True

False

True

is the study of the shapes of the skull as they relate to deviance.

Craniometry

Phrenology

Somatotyping

Physiognomy

Phrenology

A testable assertion or proposition is a statement of a relationship between two or more variables

True

False

True

According to rational choice theory, which of the following would cause an individual’s perception of risk of punishment to decrease?

being in the car when the driver gets pulled over for speeding

seeing a friend make money selling drugs without getting caught

going to a school with metal detectors at the entrances

calling the police to respond to a domestic violence incident

seeing a friend make money selling drugs without getting caught

Twin studies and adoption studies were used to try to investigate whether or not a criminal disposition was

psychological

free will

influenced by the environment

inherited

inherited

Labeling theory suggests that society’s reaction to the label of “delinquent” may result in a change in the delinquent’s self-concept because of the ______ associated with the label.

consequences

name

stigma

disposition

stigma

Goddard conducted several studies that led him to believe that ______ was an important contributing factor in delinquency and criminality.

low intelligence

delinquent peers

exposure child abuse

an antisocial personality

low intelligence

A landmark study regarding violent and delinquent youth found that nearly 80% had some type of ______ compared to only 48% of non-offenders.

psychological issue

structural abnormality of the brain

delivery complication

learning disability

delivery complication

Michael Oft was a man who had no prior history of deviant behavior and started engaging in deviant sexual behavior. He was later found to have a brain tumor. This case provides evidence of a direct link between ______ and criminality.

deterrence

physiology

the environment

biology

physiology

Which theorist is known as one of the founding fathers of criminology and developed the “born criminal” theory?

Bentham

Freud

Lombroso

Beccaria

Lombroso

Match the following descriptions to their related sociological theories

a breakdown of social norms or the dissociation of the individual from a general sense of morality:

stress is placed on those who wish to pursue societal goals but lack the legitimate means of doing so :

defenses to crimes in the form of justifications for deviant behavior: Techniques of neutralization

Anomie theory

Strain theory

Techniques of neutralization

a breakdown of social norms or the dissociation of the individual from a general sense of morality: Anomie theory

stress is placed on those who wish to pursue societal goals but lack the legitimate means of doing so : Strain theory

defenses to crimes in the form of justifications for deviant behavior: Techniques of neutralization

Biological or psychological explanations of crime are conceptual schemes that attempt to specify the cause of crime and delinquency

True

False

True

Match the following definitions to the bonds identified in Hirschi’s control theory.

the feelings an individual has toward family, friends, and social institutions:

the investment that an individual has in the normative values of society:

the degree to which one participates in conventional activities:

a general acceptance of the rules of society :

Attachment

Commitment

Involvement

Belief

the feelings an individual has toward family, friends, and social institutions: Attachment

the investment that an individual has in the normative values of society: Commitment

the degree to which one participates in conventional activities: Involvement

a general acceptance of the rules of society :Belief

Many of our current criminal and justice system components are based on the propositions from which group of theories

classical

demonology

biological

positivism

classical

Phrenology and physiognomy were based on the assumptions of Darwinism.

True

False

True

A person who is incarcerated who causes a car accident while drinking and driving and blames it on the alcohol is illustrating which of Sykes and Matza’s techniques of neutralization

denial of responsibility

denial of a victim

denial of injury

an appeal to higher loyalties

denial of responsibility