front 1 Emotional neglect includes abandonment, expulsion from the home, failure to seek medical attention, and inadequate supervision. True False | back 1 False |
front 2 During the investigative stage, which of the following occurs? removal of the child home visits questions of placement an accusation | back 2 home visits |
front 3 A person, who is incarcerated, visiting a chat room for pedophiles is an example of internet exploitation True False | back 3 True |
front 4 The most common type of sibling incest victimization is ______ vaginal penetration anal penetration fondling and touching oral intercourse | back 4 fondling and touching |
front 5 Eddie, a 13-year-old boy, is regularly taken to the doctor by his mother. His mother claims that he gets sick easily and keeps him home from school for this reason. However, the doctor has found no cause for the claimed symptoms or support for the claim that Eddie gets sick. This may be an example of ______. Munchausen syndrome by proxy criminal sexual abuse family violence child neglect | back 5 Munchausen syndrome by proxy |
front 6 Viewing children on a pornography website would be considered which of the following types of crime sexual assault sexual abuse human trafficking sexual exploitation | back 6 sexual exploitation |
front 7 Physical, emotional, or sexual assaults are categorized as direct violence. True False | back 7 True |
front 8 Which of the following is an exception for abuse and neglect emotional abuse allowing truancy sex trafficking financial inability to care for a child | back 8 financial inability to care for a child |
front 9 Match the example provided with the type of neglect. Parents ignore teacher concerns about academic achievement. A father forces a child to leave the home A mother has drugs in the house and allows her teenager to use them Education Physical Emotional | back 9 Parents ignore teacher concerns about academic achievement. Education A father forces a child to leave the home Physical A mother has drugs in the house and allows her teenager to use them Emotional |
front 10 Sibling abuse is probably more common than child abuse True False | back 10 True |
front 11 An investigator is working on a case of internet exploitation of children. Based on prior research into the demographics of such people who are incarcerated, which of the following individuals would the investigator most suspect Mandy, a female retail store clerk John, a white plumber Travis, an African American high-school student Bill, a white college graduate in his 30s | back 11 Bill, a white college graduate in his 30s |
front 12 Match the following definitions to the terms. a child who is forced into sexual acts intentional fondling of body parts through the use of force contact with or intrusion into the sex organ allowing a child to engage in prostitution Human trafficking Sexual abuse Sexual assault Sexual exploration | back 12 a child who is forced into sexual acts Human trafficking intentional fondling of body parts through the use of force Sexual abuse contact with or intrusion into the sex organ Sexual assault allowing a child to engage in prostitution Sexual exploration |
front 13 Child abuse, by definition, must be either physical or sexual abuse True False | back 13 False |
front 14 When an abused child grows up and abuses their own children, this is known as the ______ of violence. circle recurrence cycle duplication | back 14 cycle |
front 15 Exchanging child pornography is a type of sexual victimization internet exploitation human trafficking physical abuse | back 15 Internet exploitation |
front 16 According to research conducted by the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, children with ______ are four times more likely to be abused and neglected. disabilities siblings single parents high academic achievement | back 16 disabilities |
front 17 Studies suggest that older siblings who sexually abuse a sibling usually are looking for a way to satisfy ______ needs emotional psychological sexual physical | back 17 emotional |
front 18 There is a clear understanding of abuse vs. discipline True False | back 18 False |
front 19 According to research, ______ children were more likely to experience sexual abuse. older younger male adopted | back 19 younger |
front 20 Sibling incest victimization tends to last for longer periods of time than adult to child incest True False | back 20 False |
front 21 Abused and neglected children showed significantly lower levels True False | back 21 True |
front 22 Which of the following would represent the clearest case of child abuse requiring the intervention of authorities? financial inability to care for a child spanking on the rear end psychological abuse beating with a wooden bat | back 22 beating with a wooden bat |
front 23 Girls experience higher rates of both physical and sexual assault than boys True False | back 23 False |
front 24 Sean is a minor whose parents are rarely at home. He often stays home rather than going to school, and his parents do not punish him for doing so. This is considered what type of neglect? physical emotional educational sexual | back 24 educational |
front 25 Studies suggest that older siblings who sexually abuse a sibling usually are looking for a way to satisfy ______ needs physical emotional sexual psychological | back 25 emotional |
front 26 Two brothers are playing outside without adult supervision. The older brother repeatedly shoves the younger one and hits him with a plastic shovel until the younger brother begins to cry. The older brother’s actions are an example of emotional abuse child neglect exploitation sibling abuse | back 26 sibling abuse |
front 27 Which of the following is an example of indirect violence sexual assault by an acquaintance witnessing domestic abuse physical attacks a parent neglecting a child | back 27 a parent neglecting a child |
front 28 Connectedness, parental engagement, and physical and mental well-being are examples of protective factors to delinquency within the ______ environment. family peer home school | back 28 School |
front 29 Bullying is most likely to occur in which of the following locations? classroom hallway cafeteria bathroom | back 29 hallway |
front 30 Courts have determined that children who have been found delinquent can be dismissed from school without due process. True False | back 30 False |
front 31 Labeling has a positive correlation with juvenile justice involvement. True False | back 31 True |
front 32 Current perceptions of teachers’ roles hold that teachers who teach students ______ will have better learners. curricula based on state tests accountability for their behavior classroom management techniques emergency lockdown drills | back 32 accountability for their behavior |
front 33 Girls are more frequently the perpetrators of bullying compared to boys. True False | back 33 False |
front 34 Every state has defined compulsory attendance laws that discuss chronic or habitual absences, also known as ______. grade retention social promotion truancy dropout | back 34 truancy |
front 35 Mira has always been a high achiever in school. She does not participate in a lot of extracurriculars or school activities, but she makes sure to do her homework and tries to get good grades in the hopes of getting into a good college. Mira demonstrates a high level of which of Hirschi’s social bonds? commitment belief attachment involvement | back 35 commitment |
front 36 Which student is likely to feel the greatest school connectedness? student with good grades whose parents attend school functions student who has experienced homelessness student who has been chronically absent due to parent illness student with prosocial friends who has been labeled a slow learner | back 36 student with good grades whose parents attend school functions |
front 37 Ernest spent his summer volunteering at a retirement home. One of the people he met there is an alumnus from the college he wants to go in, and has helped him with his application. This is an example of a(n) ______ benefit of volunteering. psychological academic social economic | back 37 social |
front 38 Because of increased assessments to measure academic standards, there has been an increase in ______. grade retention school dropout social promotion delinquency | back 38 grade retention |
front 39 Suggested changes to break the school-to-prison pipeline include which of the following? increased expulsions increasing disciplinary measures changing zero tolerance policies more reliance on school resource officers | back 39 changing zero tolerance policies |
front 40 A school is implementing some school safety measures. Students now must enter school grounds only through designated entry points, and must put their backpacks through metal detectors to ensure no weapons are inside them. What type of school safety measure is this? emergency plans and drills school resource officers target hardening teacher training | back 40 target hardening |
front 41 Adult support has been shown to strengthen school connectedness. True False | back 41 True |
front 42 One of the benefits of community service and volunteering is reduced depression. True False | back 42 True |
front 43 Ridwan goes to an afterschool program where he meets up with an adult who works in the field he’s interested in. They talk about school, and Ridwan receives tutoring in some of his classes. Which type of delinquency prevention program is this volunteering mentoring antiviolence antibullying | back 43 mentoring |
front 44 Girls experience higher incidences of bullying and cyberbullying. True False | back 44 True |
front 45 Protective factors increase a child’s ability to recognize irrelevant curricula avoid risks identify learning disabilities reject labels | back 45 avoid risks |
front 46 Which of the following is an example of cyberbullying spreading rumors physical violence destroying someone’s property sending a threatening email | back 46 sending a threatening email |
front 47 require schools to discipline students in consistent and specific ways regardless of circumstance. School to prison pipelines Exclusionary policies Zero tolerance policies Expulsions | back 47 Zero tolerance policies |
front 48 Which term refers to preventable differences in disease, injury, and violence among youth? health disparities risk factors socially disadvantaged population protective factors | back 48 health disparities |
front 49 Which population of youth tends to be most overrepresented with the juvenile courts and for incarceration? males without disabilities males with disabilities females with disabilities females without disabilities | back 49 males with disabilities |
front 50 Students who volunteer can gain economic, psychological, social, and cognitive benefits. True False | back 50 True |
front 51 Bullying has increased in recent years. True False | back 51 False |
front 52 Children ______ are at an increased risk of school failure. from urban areas with learning and behavior disorders from single parent homes in large schools | back 52 with learning and behavior disorders |
front 53 Teachers perceive male students as more academically responsible than females. True False | back 53 False |
front 54 Harley is failing multiple classes and has been labeled behaviorally challenged by teachers. Her next minor infraction lands her in the juvenile justice system rather than less formal sanctions, which most students would incur. Harley’s example demonstrates out of school suspension juvenile detention the school-to-prison pipeline physical restraints | back 54 the school-to-prison pipeline |
front 55 Current perceptions of teachers’ roles hold that teachers who teach students ______ will have better learners. emergency lockdown drills classroom management techniques curricula based on state tests accountability for their behavior | back 55 accountability for their behavior |
front 56 Individual or environmental conditions that reduce the effects of stressful life events are known as to health disparities domains protective factors risk factors | back 56 protective factors |
front 57 The key to academic success, reducing abuse and neglect, and diverting or preventing youth involvement in delinquency is early intervention True False | back 57 True |
front 58 Which of the following is a response to school violence that includes the use of lockdown drills? teacher training target hardening emergency plans and drills school resource officers | back 58 emergency plans and drills |
front 59 Practicing for emergency events in schools provides comfort and improved mental health for students. True False | back 59 False |
front 60 The school-to-prison pipeline is so named because it refers to the practices that criminalize behavioral problems in the school system and rely on the ______ to control student behavior juvenile justice system family school resource officer program school’s administrators | back 60 juvenile justice system |
front 61 youth experience decreased drug use, increased confidence, and stronger relationships with parents and teachers. Introverted Extroverted Gifted Mentored | back 61 Mentored |
front 62 Which student is most likely to drop out? Asian male student with an instance of detention White male student with a history of aggressive behavior Hispanic female student who participates in school sports Black female student whose parents are in the Parent-Teacher Association | back 62 White male student with a history of aggressive behavior |
front 63 Schools are one of the most dangerous places for youth to be True False | back 63 False |
front 64 Bullied students have higher rates of educational achievement True False | back 64 False |
front 65 Schools do not directly cause delinquency but might present conditions that foster delinquent behavior. True False | back 65 True |
front 66 Which student is likely to feel the greatest school connectedness? student with good grades whose parents attend school functions student with prosocial friends who has been labeled a slow learner student who has experienced homelessness student who has been chronically absent due to parent illness | back 66 student with good grades whose parents attend school functions |
front 67 There is a negative correlation between violence and victimization and the success of the educational environment True False | back 67 True |
front 68 Which school is most likely to have security staff or designated police officers on school grounds rural high school with student body of 800 students urban middle school with student body of 1,200 students rural middle school with student body of 600 students urban high school with student body of 1,500 students | back 68 urban high school with student body of 1,500 students |
front 69 Identifying a student as a slow learner, known as ______, can lead to negative attitudes. truancy labeling grade retention social promotion | back 69 labeling |
front 70 The idea that school connectedness can reduce delinquency is most closely related to which criminological theory of crime social learning social control social bonding social disorganization | back 70 social bonding |
front 71 Children with disabilities are more likely to be pushed into the criminal justice system by arrests for nonviolent acts. True False | back 71 True |
front 72 According to the cycle of violence/abuse, children who see their parents perpetuate violence then perpetuate violence against their own children because they’re socialized to believe this is normal. The cycle of violence/abuse can best be explained by which theory? labeling psychological differential association biological | back 72 Differential association |
front 73 In order to create more comprehensive explanations of crime and delinquency, combinations of preexisting theories have produced integrated theories. True False | back 73 True |
front 74 Behaviorists suggest that criminal behavior can be learned through a process of rewards and punishments. This process is called ______. labeling deterrence conditioning socializing | back 74 conditioning |
front 75 theories of delinquency are based on the idea that crime and delinquency are inherited. Biological Classical Psychological Life-course | back 75 Biological |
front 76 Preventing a person who is incarcerated from committing further crimes is known as ______ deterrence. specific authoritative individual general | back 76 specific |
front 77 Neurocriminology stresses the major importance of which of the following factors? environmental psychological social physiological | back 77 physiological |
front 78 In an acceptable theory, the relationship between the assertions must be ______. logical true spurious irrefutable | back 78 logical |
front 79 Which of the following is an early health risk factor that increases the likelihood that a juvenile will engage in delinquent behavior? previous miscarriages of the mother homelessness seizures drug use during pregnancy | back 79 drug use during pregnancy |
front 80 Research has suggested that there are three major factors contributing to women’s involvement in the criminal justice system: victimization, mental disorders, and substance use. True False | back 80 True |
front 81 Under a(n) ______ perspective, an individual’s behavior is presumed to be due to the three aspects of their personality: the id, the ego, and the superego. personality and crime moral development psychoanalytic attachment | back 81 psychoanalytic |
front 82 Which type of theory attempts to explain how antisocial behavior develops, how different risk factors exist at different ages, and the differential effects of events on antisocial behavior? Marxist interactional control balance life course-persistent–adolescence-limited | back 82 life course-persistent–adolescence-limited |
front 83 Research has suggested that punishment that is swift and certain is necessary for which theory of crime? biological classical positive deterrence | back 83 deterrence |
front 84 If a research found that a specific structure in the brain was highly predictive of criminality, this would lend credence to which type of theory? deterrence neurological psychological social | back 84 neurological |
front 85 Given the connection between prenatal complications and later delinquent behavior among youths, universal free prenatal and neonatal health care could be very effective in preventing delinquency. True False | back 85 True |
front 86 is the study of the shapes of the skull as they relate to deviance. Craniometry Phrenology Somatotyping Physiognomy | back 86 Phrenology |
front 87 A testable assertion or proposition is a statement of a relationship between two or more variables True False | back 87 True |
front 88 According to rational choice theory, which of the following would cause an individual’s perception of risk of punishment to decrease? being in the car when the driver gets pulled over for speeding seeing a friend make money selling drugs without getting caught going to a school with metal detectors at the entrances calling the police to respond to a domestic violence incident | back 88 seeing a friend make money selling drugs without getting caught |
front 89 Twin studies and adoption studies were used to try to investigate whether or not a criminal disposition was psychological free will influenced by the environment inherited | back 89 inherited |
front 90 Labeling theory suggests that society’s reaction to the label of “delinquent” may result in a change in the delinquent’s self-concept because of the ______ associated with the label. consequences name stigma disposition | back 90 stigma |
front 91 Goddard conducted several studies that led him to believe that ______ was an important contributing factor in delinquency and criminality. low intelligence delinquent peers exposure child abuse an antisocial personality | back 91 low intelligence |
front 92 A landmark study regarding violent and delinquent youth found that nearly 80% had some type of ______ compared to only 48% of non-offenders. psychological issue structural abnormality of the brain delivery complication learning disability | back 92 delivery complication |
front 93 Michael Oft was a man who had no prior history of deviant behavior and started engaging in deviant sexual behavior. He was later found to have a brain tumor. This case provides evidence of a direct link between ______ and criminality. deterrence physiology the environment biology | back 93 physiology |
front 94 Which theorist is known as one of the founding fathers of criminology and developed the “born criminal” theory? Bentham Freud Lombroso Beccaria | back 94 Lombroso |
front 95 Match the following descriptions to their related sociological theories a breakdown of social norms or the dissociation of the individual from a general sense of morality: stress is placed on those who wish to pursue societal goals but lack the legitimate means of doing so : defenses to crimes in the form of justifications for deviant behavior: Techniques of neutralization Anomie theory Strain theory Techniques of neutralization | back 95 a breakdown of social norms or the dissociation of the individual from a general sense of morality: Anomie theory stress is placed on those who wish to pursue societal goals but lack the legitimate means of doing so : Strain theory defenses to crimes in the form of justifications for deviant behavior: Techniques of neutralization |
front 96 Biological or psychological explanations of crime are conceptual schemes that attempt to specify the cause of crime and delinquency True False | back 96 True |
front 97 Match the following definitions to the bonds identified in Hirschi’s control theory. the feelings an individual has toward family, friends, and social institutions: the investment that an individual has in the normative values of society: the degree to which one participates in conventional activities: a general acceptance of the rules of society : Attachment Commitment Involvement Belief | back 97 the feelings an individual has toward family, friends, and social institutions: Attachment the investment that an individual has in the normative values of society: Commitment the degree to which one participates in conventional activities: Involvement a general acceptance of the rules of society :Belief |
front 98 Many of our current criminal and justice system components are based on the propositions from which group of theories classical demonology biological positivism | back 98 classical |
front 99 Phrenology and physiognomy were based on the assumptions of Darwinism. True False | back 99 True |
front 100 A person who is incarcerated who causes a car accident while drinking and driving and blames it on the alcohol is illustrating which of Sykes and Matza’s techniques of neutralization denial of responsibility denial of a victim denial of injury an appeal to higher loyalties | back 100 denial of responsibility |