Olfactory foramina of the cribriform plate

Olfactory nerve I

Optic canal

Optic nerve II

Superior orbital fissure

Oculomotor nerve III, trochlear nerve IV, trigeminal nerve V, and abducens nerve VI

Foramen rotundum

Trigeminal nerve V

Foramen ovale

Trigeminal nerve V

Foramen lacerum

No structure passes through because it is covered by a membrane in adults

Foramen spinosum

Middle meningeal artery

Carotid canal

Internal carotid artery

Internal auditory meatus

Facial nerve VII, vestibulocochlear nerveVIII

Jugular foramen

Internal jugular vein, glossopharyngeal nerve IX, vagus nerve X, and spinal accessory nerve XI

Hypoglossal canal

Hypoglossal nerve XII

Supraorbital foramen

Supraorbital artery and nerve

Inferior orbital fissure

Zygomatic nerve and blood vessel

Infraorbital foramen

Infraorbital nerve

Mental foramen

Blood vessel and trigeminal nerve V

Foramen magnum

Spinal cord

Stylomastoid foramen

Facial nerve VII

Mandibular foramen

Alveolar nerve

Transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae

Vertebral arteries

Costal groove

Neurovascular bundle