Where did Hematoxylin come from

From Logwood

Is hematoxylin an acid or a base

Base

What does Hematoxylin stain

RNA, DNA, Carbohydrates and cartilage, because they're acidic

What does eosin stain

Most proteins and some extracellular fibers

Is eosin an acid or a base

Negative Acid

What color does Hematoxylin stain the Nucleus

Purplish blue

What color does eosin stain

Red or pink

What are the compounds in Masson's trichrome

Hematoxylin, acid fuchsin, methyl blue

What color does Masson's trichrome stain Nuclei

Blue

What color does Masson's trichrome stain connective tissue and basement layers

Green

Whats Van Gieson stain used for?

For connective tissue detection

Whats Geimsa stains used for

Detecting Erythrocytes in the bone marrow to see if they're sick, and also for blood smears _{(is a test used to see the shape, size and appearance of red blood cells)}

What color does giemsa stains stain red blood cells

Pink

What color does giemsa stains stain white blood cells

Dark purple/ blue

What does silver stain used for

To stain nerves

Whats Golgi-Cox used for

To stain nerves

What are the compounda in Golgi-Cox

Mercuric chloride, potassium chromate K₂CrO₄, potassium dichromate K₂Cr₂O₇

Whats Cresyl violet used for

Detecting the endoplasmatic reticulum of the body of nerve cells(perikarya)

What color does Cresyl Violet stain body of neurons?

Brown

Name lipid stains

Nile Blue, Oil Red O and Sudan black

How thick is sectioning if done with microtome

10-20 Microns

What are low power Lenses

*1.6, *5 and *10

What are Hight low power Lenses

*20, *40, *63 and *100

What is the wave length range for halogen lamp(tungsten lamp)

starts at 300-400nm to 700-800nm

What does the magnification of Light microscope depend on?

the Magnification of the eye piece and Objective lens, for example if you had a eyepiece in a light microscope that can magnify by x10 and then objective lens that can magnify by x10 then in total your light microscope can magnify by x100

Whats the best resolution obtainable from a light microscope

0.2 Microns or 200nm

How big are cells in diameter

20-40 microns

Whats the Wave length in a Electron microscope

0.004nm

What does electro microscope use instead of lenses to focus the light

electromagnetic coils

What is the Numerical aperture for electron microscope

0.012

What is the greatest magnification for electron microscope

x50,000

How thick are the prepared sections for Electron microscope

60-100nm

How thick is the plasmatic membrane

8-10nm

How much is the diameter of the Nucleus

10 Microns

What is the function of the Nucleolus

Making Ribosomes

How much of cell volume do endoplasmic reticulum constitute

10%

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum

• Store Calcium
• make membranes for the other organelles(rough: makes the necessary protein, Smooth: makes the necessary lipids)

How many membranes does the Smooth ER have

it has the same structure as the plasmatic membrane, a single lipid bilayer membrane

How wide are the lumens of Rough ER

20-30nm

How wide are the lumens of Smooth ER

30-60nm

What is Cisternae

its the first 3-7 discs of the Golgi apparatus, the discs that receive, modify, transform and pack proteins

What is the trans face of Golgi apparatus

its the face that transports the proteins to the plasmatic membrane

What is the function of secreting vesicles

to get molecules to the plasmatic membrane

What is the function of Endosomes

they bring molecules from outside the cell inward, then to the lysosomes so that it can break it down

What is the function of Macropinosomes

they bring large amounts of fluid into the cell

What is the function of endosomes that do Phagocytosis

they kill bacteria

What is the function of Peroxisomes

they degrade fatty acids by adding an oxygen, then convert them to cholesterol

Where are Peroxisomes common/abundant

liver and kidney

How big are vesicles

50-200nm

What is Christae

they're the folds of the inner membrane of mitochondria that folds inward, the folds are empty intermediate space

What is the function of Actin filaments

• Act as a track for Myosin
• they link cells to each other by tight or adhesion junctions
• they're an important component in the creation of cell protuberances(elevations on the surface of the cell membrane) like Microvilli in the intestine

How thick are actin filaments

7nm

What is the function of Intermediate filaments

they make it easier for cells to stick to each other by desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

What is the function of Microtubules

• act as tracks for motors (kinesins, dynein) that move vesicles around the cell
• they make the flagella and cilia
• they make the mitotic and meiotic spindles

What makes Microtubules

Centrosomes

How big are Intermediate filaments

10nm

How big are Microtubules

25nm

What are the things you do in tissue processing for electron microscope that you don't do in light Microscopy

1)The fixative isn't formality It's rather glutaraldehyde

2)Post fixation(another fixation after glutaraldehyde) by osmic acid

3)We put the tissue in propylene oxide that allows us to impregnate it later with resin instead of wax

4) Machine For sectioning is Ultramicrotome That has a glass Or diamond knife

5)Stains are heavy salt Metals like Osmium, uranyl acetate And lead To increase. The contrast Because they dispersed

Why do we post-fixate with osmic acid in tissue processing for electron microscopy

glutaraldehyde results in cross-linking proteins that reserves protein structure while osmic acid preserves lipids