GDP per capita

The total goods and services produced by a country in a year per person.

GDP

The total goods and services produced by a country in a year.

GNI

All income of a countries residents and businesses, regardless of where it is produced.

PPP

Purchasing Power Parity per person. Allows us to compare currencies with US currencies and then to each other.

Life expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live at the year they are born if things remain constant in the future.

Literacy rates

A measure of the ability to read and write.

Infant mortality

Number of infant deaths under 1 year old in a given year per 1000 people.

Human Development Index

A measure of development combining life expectancy, education and standard of living by income to rank countries into four tiers of human development, higher is better.

Gini Coefficient

A measure of income inequality in a country, the lower the better.

Formal jobs

Contracted work and salary where the worker has rights.

Informal jobs

Unregistered work with no tax where the worker has no protection.

Primary sector

The businesses that extract and produce raw materials.

Secondary sector

Businesses that manufacture raw materials into finished goods.

Tertiary sector

Businesses that provides a service.

Quaternary sector

Firms that provide information and expertise using high technology.

Globalisation

The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world economically, culturally and politically.

Arable farming

The growth of crops such as vegetables, fruits and grains.

Soil fertility

The capacity of a soil to provide crops with essential plant nutrients.

Pastoral farming

The rating of livestock like cattle or sheep.

Subsistence farming

Where most of the output is consumed by the family or people working the land with little or no profit.

Shifting cultivation

Burning the vegetation to create an area of clear fertile land and moving to a new area once the fertility has dropped.

Organic

Farming using natural alternatives instead of manufactured chemicals.

Cattle ranching

The rearing of cows along grazing landforms the purpose to produce beef and leather.

Deforestation

The felling of forest trees for non-forest use.

Slash and burn

Cutting and burning vegetation to add short term nutrients to the soil.

Inputs

Elements that are needed to begin the process of creating a product.

Outputs

The finished product that is ready to sell.

Processes

There activities required to create a product.

By-product

Other products that may be created in the manufacturing process that can be made use of or sold.

Waste

Left over material that is of no value and will be discarded.

Light industry

When the unit weight of the product is lower so production requires less energy.

Heavy industry

Unit weight of the product is greater so production requires more energy and heavy machinery.

National company

A company that is located in only one country.

Transnational company

A very large company that has operations in multiple countries.

Capital intensive

High rates of investment for little amount of machinery or labour.

Labour intensive

When there is low rate of capital to a high volume of labour. It is often done by TNC's in LEDC's.

Market oriented

When a firm is located close to their market for the convenience of sales.

Raw material orientated

When a firm is located close to ty raw materials they need to reduce manufacturing costs.

Processing

Making a raw material ready to use.

Assembly

Taking a range of raw materials and parts tone assembly point and putting them together.

Fordist

Named after Ford Motors, an assembly line of mass production.

Flexible

Specialist products that can be made to suit the request of the buyer.

Agglomeration

When multiple companies that are similar are located close to one another.

Growth pole

Tourism creating an economic centre increasing the income of those who live in that area.

Boreholes

Extracting groundwater with pressure created by a pump.

Desalinisation

Using reverse osmosis to separate salt from seawater.

Cloud seeding

Spray clouds with silver iodine forcing precipitation.

Water diversion

Divert water from an area with a water surplus to a place with a water deficit.

Water stress

Less than 1700m3 of drinkable water per person.

Water scarcity

Less than 1000m3 of drinkable water per person.

Particulate matter

Matter suspended in the air, its size usually under 0.1mm.

Environmental Kuznets Curve

Pollution shown on a graph against the state of economic development.

Sustained pollution

Consistent pollution over a long period of time.

Wet acid deposition

When acidic gases mix with water in the atmosphere creating acid rain.

Dry acid deposition

When the acidic pollutants don't mix with water and fall directly on the surface.

Retreating ice

When ice caps and glaciers retreat on average as they melt to much in summer and don't grow enough in winter.

El Nino

A weather system in the Pacific Ocean that acts differently due to sudden changes.

Permafrost

A permanently frozen layer on or under Earth's surface.

Sustainable development

Meeting the needs of today whilst ensuring that future generations can also meet their needs and have enough recourses left.